Biotin, Flamma® 648
Size of product (mg)
-
1 mg
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5 mg
Biotin, Flamma® 648
Cat. No. List below
Description
Biotin: A small vitamin (244 daltons) ubiquitous in living cells, renowned for its remarkably high affinity binding to avidin and streptavidin.
Flamma® 648: A far-red fluorescent dye covalently attached to biotin, providing excellent signal-to-noise ratio in the far-red spectrum.
It has rapid bond formation with avidin/streptavidin, an extremely high binding affinity (Kd ~ 10^-15 M), and stable complex formation under challenging conditions like high temperatures, wide pH range, and presence of denaturing agents.
Key features:
A. High-Affinity Binding: Biotin's strong interaction with avidin and streptavidin ensures reliable and stable complex formation.
B. Far-Red Fluorescence: Flamma® 648 dye provides excellent signal-to-noise ratio, reducing background interference.
C. Versatile Applications: Ideal for cell surface labeling, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and more.
D. Optimal Excitation: Compatible with 593 nm or 633 nm laser lines for flexible integration with various imaging systems.
E. Low Autofluorescence: Far-red spectrum minimizes interference from cellular autofluorescence.
F. Deep Tissue Penetration: Longer wavelengths allow for improved imaging in thick tissue samples.
Biotin, Flamma® 648 excels in numerous research areas, including cell surface labeling, enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, affinity purification, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), medical diagnostics, in vitro studies, in vitro imaging, affinity purification, and medical diagnostics.
What are the advantages?
1. High Sensitivity: The bright fluorescence of Flamma® 648 enables detection of low-abundance targets.
2. Multiplexing Potential: Can be combined with other fluorophores for multi-color experiments.
3. Photostability: Excellent resistance to photobleaching, allowing for extended imaging sessions.
4. In Vivo Compatibility: Suitable for use in live animal studies and in vivo imaging applications.
5. Reduced Phototoxicity: Far-red excitation minimizes damage to live cells during imaging.
Biotin, Flamma® 648 represents a significant advancement in fluorescent biotin conjugates, offering researchers a powerful and flexible tool for various biotechnological and biomedical applications. By combining the specific and strong binding of biotin-avidin/streptavidin interactions with the superior far-red fluorescence of Flamma® 648, this conjugate enables highly sensitive detection and analysis in diverse experimental settings, from cellular imaging to in vivo studies. Its compatibility with multiple laser lines, excellent signal-to-noise ratio, and stability under various conditions make it an ideal choice for researchers seeking a reliable and versatile far-red fluorescent probe.
Specifications
- Fluorophore label: Flamma® 648
- Reactive group: Biotin
- Reacting toward: Avidin / Streptavidin
- Excitation/Emission Max.(nm): 648/663
- Molecular weight: 927.20 g/mol
- Storage conditions: 4 ℃, protect from light
- Enhanced Sensitivity: The far-red emission of Flamma® 648 minimizes autofluorescence, allowing for detection of low-abundance targets.
- Multiplexing Capability: Compatible with other fluorophores for multi-color experiments.
- Robust Performance: Maintains stability under diverse experimental conditions, including high temperatures and varying pH levels
- Versatility: Suitable for both in vitro and in vivo applications, streamlining your research workflow.
| Quick link (Cat.#) | Series | Ex * (nm) | Em* (nm) |
| RFP0716 | Streptavidin, Flamma® 496 | 496 | 516 |
| RFP0705 | Streptavidin, Flamma® 552 | 550 | 565 |
| RFP0711 | Streptavidin, Flamma® 648 | 648 | 663 |
| RFP0712 | Streptavidin, Flamma® 675 | 675 | 691 |
| RFP0713 | Streptavidin, Flamma® 749 | 749 | 774 |
| RFP0714 | Streptavidin, Flamma® 774 | 774 | 806 |
Table 2. List of fluorescent dye conjugates of Biotin
| Quick link (Cat.#) | Series | Ex * (nm) | Em* (nm) | Molar mass (g/mol) |
| RFP0616 | Biotin, Flamma® 496 | 496 | 516 | 654.64 |
| RFP0605 | Biotin, Flamma® 552 | 550 | 565 | 913.18 |
| RFP0611 | Biotin, Flamma® 648 | 648 | 663 | 927.20 |
| RFP0612 | Biotin, Flamma® 675 | 675 | 691 | 1185.43 |
| RFP0613 | Biotin, Flamma® 749 | 749 | 774 | 951.22 |
| RFP0614 | Biotin, Flamma® 774 | 774 | 806 | 1169.25 |
Background
Streptavidin is smaller (53 KDa) and has a little lower affinity than avidin yet displays less non-specific binding due to near-neutral pI value and lack of carbohydrates. Biotin, a 244 dalton vitamin found in all living cells, binds with high affinity to avidin and streptavidin. In biotechnology, biotin is conjugated to antibodies, enzymes, reporter to form the tetravalent binding nature of biotin-avidin/streptavidin complex. Biotinavidin/streptavidin binding has high affinity, which has been utilized in diverse applications such as ELISA, immunohistochemistry, cell surface labeling, affinity purification, FACS, EMSA, etc. The bond formation between biotin and avidin/streptavidin is very rapid, and once formed, is stable at high temperature and in a wide range of pH, organic solvents and denaturing agents. The system is a simple yet elegant and can be incorporated into virtually every immunoassay where an antibody is conjugated with biotin and then detected with avidin or streptavidin conjugated to various commercially available fluorophores and reporters. BioActs offers a variety of fluorescent dye conjugated streptavidin and biotin as effective detecting and analytic probes for diverse applications in biochemical and biological research fields.
♦ Conjugated with a wide range of fluorescent dyes
♦ Can be utilized in a variety of applications.
♦ Bright and photostable fluorescence
♦ High water solubility
Fluorescent Streptavidin & Biotin
Biotin consists of a ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring, which is crucial for its binding properties. Avidin and streptavidin are both tetrameric proteins composed of four identical subunits, each bind four biotins (vitamin H) per molecule with high binding affinity and specificity (Kd ~ 1015 M for avidin and ~ 1014 M for streptavidin). Although the primary sequence homogeneity of both proteins are 30%, their tertiary and quaternary structure are almost identical, and anti-avidin and anti-streptavidin antibodies are not immunologically cross reactive. Avidin, a 67 KDa glycoprotein with an isoelectric point of about 10.5, has the higher affinity than streptavidin, however it also displays more nonspecific binding and aggregation due to its oligosaccharide component (mannose and N-acetylglucosamine) and positive charge. Streptavidin is smaller (53 KDa) and has a little lower affinity than avidin yet displays less non-specific binding due to near-neutral pI value and lack of carbohydrates. Biotin, a 244 dalton vitamin found in all living cells, binds with high affinity to avidin and streptavidin. In biotechnology, biotin is conjugated to antibodies, enzymes, reporter to form the tetravalent binding nature of biotin-avidin/streptavidin complex. The valeric acid side of biotin can be incorporated with various functional groups, reporters and fluorophores that can be utilized in a wide range of biological structures and processes.
Biotin-avidin/streptavidin binding has high affinity, which has been utilized in diverse applications such as ELISA, immunohistochemistry, cell surface labeling, affinity purification, FACS, EMSA, etc. The bond formation between biotin and avidin/streptavidin is very rapid, and once formed, is stable at high temperature and in a wide range of pH, organic solvents and denaturing agents. The system is a simple yet elegant and can be incorporated into virtually every immunoassay where an antibody is conjugated with biotin and then detected with avidin or streptavidin conjugated to various commercially available fluorophores and reporters. These features of biotin and avidin/streptavidin are useful for purifying or detecting proteins conjugated to either component of the interaction. Although biotin-avidin/streptavidin system is simple and easy to use, it also has some limitations: biotinylated compounds might non-selectively bind to any biotin-binding protein, endogenous biotin can cause background noise, and harsh conditions are needed to break their interaction that might limit its application. BioActs offers a variety of fluorescent dye conjugated avidin, streptavidin and biotin as effective detecting and analytic probes for diverse applications in biochemical and biological research fields.
| Property | Avidin | Streptavidin |
| Molecular Weight | 67 kDa | 53 kDa |
| Isoelectric Point | ~10.5 | ~6-7 |
| Glycosylation | Yes | No |
| Binding Affinity (Kd) | ~10^-15 M | ~10^-14 M |
| Non-specific Binding | Higher | Lower |
Preparation of fluorescence labeled Streptavidin/Biotin solutions
To dissolve dye-labeled compound powder in 0.5–1.0 mL of PBS or other suitable buffer.
The dye-conjugates are stable for at least one years when stored as directed.
For longer storage, divide solutions into aliquots and freeze at <–20°C.
Avoid from light, repeated freezing and thawing of solutions.
Labeling with conjugates of Streptavidin
Streptavidin conjugates are used as secondary detection reagents in many biotechnical applications.
These reagents can also be employed to bind biotin and its derivatives.
♦ Direct Streptavidin labeling procedure: Biotin-labeled primary probes such as antibodies, nucleic acids or lectins are conjugated to tissues, cell surfaces or other biomolecules. Excess protein is removed by washing, and detection is facilitated by fluorescent avidin/streptavidin.
♦ Indirect Streptavidin labeling procedure: Biotin-labeled antibodies or oligonucleotides are conjugated to tissues, cell surfaces or other biomolecules. This preparation is then treated with unlabeled streptavidin, and excess reagents are removed by washing. Detection is realized by treating of fluorescent biotin derivatives.
Alternatively, an unlabeled primary antibody is attached to a biomolecular target, which would be bound by the biotinlabeled secondary antibody. The complex is detected by the direct or indirect procedures described above.
♦ Centrifuge protein conjugate solutions briefly before using, and only the supernatant should be used for the experiment in order to eliminate any aggregates, thereby reducing the background signal.
Staining protocols may vary depending on the experimental condition, thus determine appropriate dilution for conjugates
empirically.
Citation & Reference
1. Ting-Wei Wu. Fluorescent Probe Encapsulated in Avidin Protein to Eliminate Nonspecific Fluorescence and Increase Detection Sensitivity in Blood Serum. Anal Chem 88.16 (2016): 7873-7.
2. Qian Sun. Discrimination between streptavidin and avidin with fluorescent affinity-based probes. Analyst 140 (2015): 4648-4653.
3. Yung-Peng Wu. Target-activated streptavidin–biotin controlled binding probe. Chem. Sci 9 (2018): 770-776.
4. Akshay Jain. The principles and applications of avidin-based nanoparticles in drug delivery and diagnosis. Journal of Controlled Release 245.10 (2017): 27-40.
5. MEIR WILCHEK. Introduction to Avidin-Biotin Technology. Methods Enzymol 184 (1990): 5-13.
6. JEANNE BENTLEY LAWRENCE. Interphase and Metaphase Resolution of Different Distances Within the Human Dystrophin Gene. Science New Series 249.4971 (1990): 928-932.
