FluxMPS™ Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM) w/ Earle's salts, NEAA: 1X Liquid

Product#: DCP-MEM1X
$44.00
DCP-MEM1X
Availability:
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warning For Research Use Only (RUO). Not intended for clinical, diagnostic, or therapeutic use in humans.
Microfluidics Suitable Cell Culture Media
verified ISO 13485 Certified Manufacturing

FluxMPS™ Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM) w/ Earle's Salts, NEAA, 1X Liquid

Contains L-Glutamine Contains Sodium Bicarbonate Contains Phenol Red Contains Calcium Contains Magnesium Contains Glucose Contains Sodium Pyruvate

FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA) is a Microfluidics Suitable, ultra-filtered 1X liquid cell culture medium engineered for microphysiological systems (MPS), organ-on-a-chip (OoC), and microfluidic tissue models. Processed through a Quadruple-stage filtration system (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2) reaching a 0.04 µm final cut-off — five times finer than the 0.22 µm membranes used for conventional filtration — it is released at an endotoxin specification of less than 0.05 EU/mL with sub-mycoplasma-range final filtration for microchannel-safe performance.

  • Quadruple-stage filtration train: 0.1 µm prefilter → 0.04 µm final filter → 0.1 µm prefilter → 0.04 µm final filter, reaching a 0.04 µm final cut-off
  • Endotoxin release specification: less than 0.05 EU/mL, verified by LAL assay per USP <85>
  • Earle's balanced salt formulation with a complete Non-Essential Amino Acid supplement (Gly, L-Ala, L-Asn, L-Asp, L-Glu, L-Pro, L-Ser) for broader cell line support
  • Sodium bicarbonate-buffered (2,200 mg/L) with phenol red pH indicator; formulated for a standard 5% CO2 incubator atmosphere
  • Manufactured under an ISO 13485:2016 quality management system with a per-batch Certificate of Analysis
  • Glucose (1,000 mg/L) and sodium pyruvate (110 mg/L) included for standard monolayer and 3D culture energy metabolism
  • pH, sodium bicarbonate level, glucose concentration, HEPES buffering, and NEAA composition available on request
DCP-MEM1X | Size: 500 mL and 1000 mL | Cell Culture Media UNSPSC: 41116155 | Commodity: Molecular biology and cell culture growth media | (UNv260801)
FluxMPS™ MEM — Earle's Salts + NEAA, 1X Liquid
  • FormulationL-Glutamine [+] Sodium Bicarbonate [+] Phenol Red [+] Calcium [+] Magnesium [+] Glucose [+] Sodium Pyruvate
  • L-Glutamine2 mM (292 mg/L)
  • pH (USP <791>)7.4
  • Osmolality (USP <785>)~310 ± 15 mOsm/kg
  • Endotoxin< 0.05 EU/mL (USP <85>)
  • Filtration System0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2 (Quadruple-stage)
  • GradeMicrofluidics Suitable (0.04 µm final cut-off)
  • Storage2–8°C, protected from light
  • Shelf Life12 months from date of manufacture, unopened
  • Shipping ConditionCold pack (2–8°C)
ISO 13485:2016 USP <85> <785> <788> RUO
Why FluxMPS™

Engineered where standard MEM fails

Conventional 0.22 µm-filtered MEM retains subvisible particles, mycoplasma-range contaminants, and endotoxin fragments that can compromise organ-on-a-chip sensors, clog microfluidic channels, and add background to metabolic assay signals. FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA is built against these failure modes with a validated four-stage filtration architecture, delivering a microchannel-safe, ultra-clean medium.[1,2]

filter_alt

Microchannel-Safe Purity

0.04 µm final filtration retains sub-micron particulates and mycoplasma-range organisms, supporting channel patency and USP <788> particulate testing on every lot.

target

Broadened Cell Line Utility

Earle's balanced salts plus a complete NEAA panel (Gly, L-Ala, L-Asn, L-Asp, L-Glu, L-Pro, L-Ser) support demanding adherent cell lines — HeLa, Vero, MRC-5, BHK-21 — without supplementation lag.

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Ultrapure-Grade Water

Formulated with Ultrapure Type 1 water at 18.2 MΩ·cm, controlling trace metals and organic carbon (TOC) for sensitive electrophysiology and biosensor applications.[3]

visibility

Low Background for Imaging

Ultra-low particulate baseline supports confocal microscopy, TEER, and optical biosensor measurements with reduced interference from media-derived particulates.

science

Rich, Stable Nutrient Profile

20-amino-acid formulation (13 essential + 7 non-essential) manufactured in micro-batch format to maximize lot-to-lot consistency and nutrient stability throughout the 12-month shelf life.

tune

Customization on Demand

pH, sodium bicarbonate concentration, HEPES buffering, NEAA composition, calcium, and L-glutamine levels are all adjustable for suspension cultures, low-serum protocols, and specialized OoC designs.

Purity Architecture

Quadruple-stage filtration system

FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA is filtered through a validated four-stage cascade reaching a 0.04 µm final pore size, engineered for microchannel-safe performance in MPS, organ-on-a-chip, and precision microfluidic perfusion systems.

  1. 1

    0.1 µmPrefiltration I

    Removes gross aggregates, large particles, and precipitates that would rapidly blind downstream nano-filters, extending cascade filter life and maximizing throughput.

  2. 2

    0.04 µmFinal filtration I

    First 0.04 µm pass; retains fine particulates and mycoplasma-range organisms (0.2–0.3 µm diameter) that a 0.22 µm filter would not capture.

  3. 3

    0.1 µmPrefiltration II

    A second, dedicated 0.1 µm prefilter protects the second 0.04 µm cartridge, preserving flow and filtration integrity through the final polish.

  4. 4

    0.04 µmFinal filtration II — Polish

    Ultimate 0.04 µm polishing filter immediately before aseptic fill & finish, delivering the lowest achievable particulate count for microfluidic channel safety.

Purity architecture vs. conventional MEM media

A quadruple-stage train (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2) reaches a 0.04 µm final cut-off, five times finer than the 0.22 µm membranes used for conventional sterile filtration. This finer cut-off is designed to reduce channel-clogging events and support more reliable TEER measurements and live-cell imaging in microfluidic systems.

5×
Finer final pore size (0.04 µm)
than conventional 0.22 µm
filtration membranes
4
Sequential filtration passes
(0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2)
per lot, USP <788> tested
Sterility & Mycoplasma Note: Every lot of FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA undergoes 14-day USP <71> sterility testing (no bacterial or fungal growth observed). Mycoplasma control is achieved through 0.1 µm mycoplasma-retentive filtration (not tested per lot), reinforced by the 0.04 µm final filtration stages.
Grade: This product is Microfluidics Suitable, filtered to a 0.04 µm final cut-off. It is not an MPS Grade product — that designation is reserved for the 0.01 µm ultra nano-filtered line, which adds 0.02 µm and 0.01 µm stages after the 0.04 µm polish. For applications requiring the 0.01 µm cut-off, contact support@diagnocine.com.
FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA (DCP-MEM1X) Quadruple-Stage Filtration System diagram showing four sequential filter stages ? 0.1 micron prefiltration, 0.04 micron final filtration, 0.1 micron prefiltration, and 0.04 micron final polish ? for organ-on-a-chip and microfluidic cell culture media purity | Diagnocine
Figure 1. FluxMPS™ Quadruple-Stage Filtration Architecture: sequential 0.1 µm prefiltration (Stage 1), 0.04 µm final filtration (Stage 2), 0.1 µm prefiltration (Stage 3), and 0.04 µm final polish (Stage 4) before aseptic fill.
© Diagnocine® — DCP-MEM1X
Applications

Designed for the most demanding cell culture systems

FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA supports a broad spectrum of research applications, from classical monolayer culture of HeLa and Vero cells to advanced organ-on-a-chip perfusion, iPSC-derived multi-lineage co-cultures, and biosensor-integrated systems. Its ultra-clean purity architecture makes it well suited wherever conventional MEM introduces particle noise or mycoplasma risk.[4,5]

Automated Bioreactors & Robotics

Next-Generation System Uptime

For high-throughput automated perfusion bioreactors and liquid-handling robotics, an optional 0.01 µm (10 nm) ultra-filtered MPS Grade variant of FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA is available. This next-tier grade is engineered for precision perfusion systems where valve and sensor longevity are paramount.

  • Total Particulate Exclusion: 10 nm filtration removes nano-aggregates that elude 0.04 µm filters, protecting microvalves and pressure transducers.
  • Valve & Sensor Protection: Reduces particle accumulation on solenoid valve seats and optical flow sensors, extending maintenance intervals in continuous-perfusion rigs.
  • Extended Perfusion Stability: Reduced bioburden and particulate load support multi-week uninterrupted perfusion runs in closed-loop bioreactor systems.

Inquiry Required: The 0.01 µm (10 nm) MPS Grade variant is a custom/bulk order configuration. Contact support@diagnocine.com to request this grade for your automated system.

Microfluidics

Micro Physiological System (MPS) & Chip

Ultra-clean MEM purity is designed to reduce microchannel clogging and signal interference in multi-organ MPS platforms, OoC devices, and microfluidic tissue chips requiring uninterrupted laminar flow.

OoC ToC BoC LoC MPS
Cancer Biology

Tumor Cell Culture & Metabolic Research

Supports HeLa, MCF-7, A549, and MDA-MB-231 monolayer and 3D spheroid culture; NEAA supplementation reduces biosynthetic burden in proliferation and drug-response assays.

HeLa MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 A549
Virology & Vaccine

Vero & Primary Cell Propagation

Classical MEM backbone suited to Vero cell-based viral propagation, BHK-21 vaccine manufacturing research, and MRC-5 primary fibroblast maintenance requiring Earle's salt balance.

Vero BHK-21 MRC-5 Primary fibroblasts
Stem Cell Biology

iPSC-Derived Multi-Lineage Models

MEM with NEAA provides the non-essential amino acid baseline for iPSC-derived neuronal, cardiomyocyte, and hepatocyte models in MPS platforms requiring defined nutrient control.

iPSC-Neurons iPSC-CM iPSC-Hep
Live-Cell Imaging

Microscopy & Optical Sensing

Ultra-low particulate background supports confocal microscopy, TEER measurements, and optical biosensor integration in microfluidic culture systems.[6]

Confocal Biosensors TEER Phase contrast
Suspension Cultures

Calcium-Free Modified Cultures

MEM can be further modified by removing calcium to facilitate growth of cells in suspension culture, supported by Diagnocine custom formulation services on request.

Suspension Ca2+-free Custom
Technical Specifications

Complete specification matrix

All parameters are validated per batch prior to release. Certificate of Analysis (CoA) available upon request at support@diagnocine.com.

Physical & Chemical Parameters
Parameter Specification
Formulation Earle's Salts + NEAA base; L-Glutamine [+] Sodium Bicarbonate [+] Phenol Red [+] Calcium [+] Magnesium [+] Glucose [+] Sodium Pyruvate
Appearance Orangish-red, clear solution
pH USP <791> 7.4
Osmolality USP <785> ~310 ± 15 mOsm/kg
Glucose 1,000 mg/L (5.56 mM)
L-Glutamine 2 mM (292 mg/L)
Sodium Pyruvate Present (110 mg/L)
Phenol Red Present (11 mg/L)
Sterility, Purity & Safety
Parameter Specification
Endotoxin USP <85> BET < 0.05 EU/mL
Sterility USP <71> No growth at 14 days
Mycoplasma 0.1 µm mycoplasma-retentive filtration (not tested per lot)
Particulate ≥10 µm USP <788> Method 1 < 6,000 particles/container
Particulate ≥25 µm USP <788> Method 1 < 600 particles/container
Water Purity Ultrapure Type 1, 18.2 MΩ·cm
Manufacturing Std. ISO 13485:2016 QMS
Fill Environment ISO Class 5 (Class 100) cleanroom
Storage, Handling & Logistics
Parameter Specification
Storage Temperature 2–8°C, protected from light
Freeze-Thaw Do not freeze
Shelf Life 12 months from date of manufacture, unopened
Shipping Condition Cold pack (2–8°C)
CO2 Requirement 5% CO2 / 95% air incubation required (sodium bicarbonate-buffered)
Raw Materials & Regulatory Traceability
Parameter Specification
Raw Material Grade Cell culture / reagent grade, USP / EP reference
Traceability Full lot-level CoA with raw material traceability
Manufacturing QMS ISO 13485 ISO 13485:2016 certified
UNSPSC 41116155 — Molecular biology and cell culture growth media (UNv260801)
Regulatory Alignment 21 CFR Part 820 (QMSR) aligned
Production Method Micro-batch, ISO Class 5 aseptic fill
Intended Use For Research Use Only (RUO)
Formulation

Full composition (mg/L)

MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA: 37 ingredients verified per lot with CAS numbers. The AMINO ACIDS tab includes both essential amino acids (EAA) and Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA) as one combined group per the source composition table.

Component CAS Number mg/L
INORGANIC SALTS
Calcium Chloride (CaCl2·2H2O) 10035-04-8 265.000
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4, anhydrous) 7487-88-9 97.72
Potassium Chloride (KCl) 7447-40-7 400.0
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 144-55-8 2200.0
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 7647-14-5 6800.0
Sodium Phosphate Monobasic (NaH2PO4·H2O) 10049-21-5 122.0
Component CAS Number mg/L
AMINO ACIDS
Glycine 56-40-6 7.500
L-Alanine 56-41-7 8.900
L-Arginine hydrochloride 1119-34-2 126.000
L-Asparagine monohydrate 5794-13-8 15.000
L-Aspartic acid 56-84-8 13.300
L-Cystine dihydrochloride 30925-07-6 31.300
L-Glutamic acid 56-86-0 14.700
L-Glutamine 56-85-9 292.0
L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate 5934-29-2 42.000
L-Isoleucine 73-32-5 52.000
L-Leucine 61-90-5 52.000
L-Lysine hydrochloride 657-27-2 72.500
L-Methionine 63-68-3 15.000
L-Phenylalanine 63-91-2 32.000
L-Proline 147-85-3 11.500
L-Serine 56-45-1 10.500
L-Threonine 72-19-5 48.000
L-Tryptophan 73-22-3 10.000
L-Tyrosine disodium salt dihydrate 69847-15-0 51.900
L-Valine 72-18-4 46.000
Component CAS Number mg/L
VITAMINS
Choline chloride 67-48-1 1.000
D-Ca-Pantothenate 137-08-6 1.000
Folic acid 59-30-3 1.000
Nicotinamide 98-92-0 1.000
Pyridoxal hydrochloride 65-22-5 1.000
Riboflavin 83-88-5 0.100
Thiamine hydrochloride 67-03-8 1.000
OTHERS
i-Inositol 87-89-8 2.000
D-Glucose 50-99-7 1000.000
Phenol red sodium salt 34487-61-1 11.000
Sodium pyruvate 113-24-6 110.000
Customization Available: pH, sodium bicarbonate level, glucose concentration (0–4,500 mg/L), HEPES buffering, NEAA composition, and calcium-free formulations are available on request. Contact support@diagnocine.com.
Quality Assurance

Manufacturing & compliance standards

Every batch of FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA is manufactured and released under a fully validated ISO 13485:2016 quality management system, with documented micro-batch traceability from raw material receipt through final fill & finish.

verified

ISO 13485:2016 Quality Management System

Full-scope QMS covering design control, risk management, supplier qualification, in-process control, and post-market surveillance for every batch of FluxMPS™ media.

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Ultrapure Type 1 Water (18.2 MΩ·cm)

All media are formulated with freshly produced Ultrapure Type 1 water at 18.2 MΩ·cm, controlling trace metals and organic carbon (TOC) in the feed water used for formulation.

biotech

ISO Class 5 Fill & Finish

Aseptic fill performed in a validated ISO Class 5 (Class 100) unidirectional-flow cleanroom, minimizing bioburden and particulate load prior to final 0.04 µm filtration.

assignment

Micro-Batch Precision

Small-batch manufacturing maximizes lot-to-lot consistency, supports tight pH and osmolality windows, and allows custom formulation turnaround for research-specific requirements.

Endotoxin — USP <85> BET

LAL assay performed on every batch prior to release. Release specification: < 0.05 EU/mL. Results are documented in the batch Certificate of Analysis.

Particulate — USP <788> Method 1

Light obscuration particle counting at ≥10 µm and ≥25 µm thresholds is performed per USP <788> Method 1 to confirm compliance with the release specification.

Osmolality — USP <785>

Freezing-point depression osmometry performed per batch. Target: ~310 ± 15 mOsm/kg for physiological relevance in mammalian cell culture.

Documentation — Certificate of Analysis

Full CoA issued per batch including pH, osmolality, endotoxin, sterility, mycoplasma control, and particulate data. Available by request to support@diagnocine.com.

Batch-level quality control. Endotoxin is controlled per manufacturing batch rather than per unit. Every batch is tested before release and must meet the release specification:
  • Endotoxin — LAL assay, USP <85> Bacterial Endotoxins Test; assay sensitivity 0.005 EU/mL; release specification < 0.05 EU/mL
  • pH, osmolality, conductivity, appearance and clarity
  • Sterility
A Certificate of Analysis is available on request at support@diagnocine.com.
Product Comparison

How FluxMPS™ MEM + NEAA compares

A head-to-head assessment of FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA against conventional 0.22 µm-filtered MEM alternatives commonly used in cell culture laboratories.

Parameter FluxMPS™ MEM+NEAA
(DCP-MEM1X)
Conventional MEM+NEAA
(0.22 µm filtered)
Standard MEM
(0.22 µm, no NEAA)
Grade Microfluidics Suitable Conventional (0.22 µm) Conventional (0.22 µm)
NEAA Supplement check_circle Full panel (Gly, Ala, Asn, Asp, Glu, Pro, Ser) check_circle Full panel cancel Not included
Final Filtration Pore Size 0.04 µm 0.22 µm 0.22 µm
Number of Filtration Stages 4 (Quadruple-stage) 1 1
Mycoplasma Barrier Filtration check_circle 0.04 µm mycoplasma-range filtration cancel 0.22 µm only cancel 0.22 µm only
Endotoxin (release specification) FluxMPS™ — < 0.05 EU/mL Corning classical liquid media — < 0.25 EU/mL
Sigma-Aldrich DMEM complete medium — ≤ 2 EU/mL
Gibco classical DMEM — Not specified (recorded per lot)
USP Particulate Compliance check_circle USP <788> Method 1 per lot cancel Not routinely tested cancel Not routinely tested
Water Quality Ultrapure Type 1 (18.2 MΩ·cm) Purified water Purified water
Manufacturing QMS check_circle ISO 13485:2016 Varies Varies
Microfluidic Channel Compatibility check_circle Microfluidics Suitable cancel Not validated for chips cancel Not validated for chips
Custom Formulation check_circle On request cancel Not available cancel Not available

Comparison figures from published supplier specifications, accessed 2026-09-02. Suppliers that publish no numeric endotoxin specification are shown as "Not specified".

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

Answers to the most common questions about FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA, its filtration, formulation, and compatibility with advanced culture platforms.

Yes. FluxMPS™ MEM with Earle's Salts and NEAA is engineered for microphysiological systems (MPS) and organ-on-a-chip platforms. Its 0.04 µm final filtration removes particulates that can clog microfluidic channels, and it is released at an endotoxin specification of less than 0.05 EU/mL. USP <788> particulate testing (Method 1, light obscuration) is performed per lot.
Conventional 0.22 µm filtration does not retain mycoplasma-range organisms (0.2–0.3 µm) or the finer subvisible particulates that a 0.04 µm membrane captures. FluxMPS™ MEM applies four sequential filtration stages — 0.1 µm prefiltration, 0.04 µm final filtration, a second 0.1 µm prefilter, and a second 0.04 µm final polish — reaching a 0.04 µm final cut-off, five times finer than a conventional 0.22 µm membrane.
Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA) are included to reduce cellular biosynthetic burden and support a broader range of demanding cell lines — including HeLa, Vero, BHK-21, and MRC-5. The NEAA panel comprises: Glycine (7.5 mg/L), L-Alanine (8.9 mg/L), L-Asparagine monohydrate (15.0 mg/L), L-Aspartic Acid (13.3 mg/L), L-Glutamic Acid (14.7 mg/L), L-Proline (11.5 mg/L), and L-Serine (10.5 mg/L). These can be modified or removed in custom formulation orders.
Yes. This formulation is buffered with sodium bicarbonate (2,200 mg/L) and is formulated for a standard 5% CO2 / 95% air incubator atmosphere at pH 7.4. For CO2-independent applications, a HEPES-buffered custom variant can be produced on request — contact support@diagnocine.com.
Yes. This medium is compatible with standard FBS supplementation (typically 5–10%) and serum-free growth factor cocktails. Serum and other protein-containing additions should be pre-filtered through a 0.2 µm low-protein-binding PES or PVDF membrane; a 0.04 µm membrane is not recommended for supplements, as it will strip serum of proteins and lipoproteins and clog quickly. Additional defined components (sodium pyruvate, HEPES, extra L-glutamine) can be added per standard laboratory protocols.
Endotoxin is controlled per manufacturing batch rather than per unit. Every batch is tested before release by LAL assay (USP <85> Bacterial Endotoxins Test; assay sensitivity 0.005 EU/mL) and must meet the release specification of less than 0.05 EU/mL. The result is documented in the lot-specific Certificate of Analysis.
Yes. A CoA is issued for every manufactured batch and is available upon request. The CoA includes: lot number, manufacture date, expiry date, pH (USP <791>), osmolality (USP <785>), endotoxin (USP <85> LAL result), sterility (USP <71> 14-day), mycoplasma control statement, particulate count (USP <788> Method 1 at ≥10 µm and ≥25 µm), and appearance. Request your CoA at support@diagnocine.com.
Scientific References

Supporting literature

Curated peer-reviewed references supporting the use of Microfluidics Suitable, ultra-filtered media in organ-on-a-chip, microfluidic, and advanced cell culture systems.

  1. Huh D, Matthews BD, Mammoto A, et al. Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip. Science. 2010;328(5986):1662–1668.doi:10.1126/science.1188302
  2. Bhatt DL, Bhatt AK, Wiegmann B, et al. Organ-on-a-chip platforms for drug testing: bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo models. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2022;21:665–687.doi:10.1038/s41573-022-00486-2
  3. Ingber DE. Human organs-on-chips for disease modelling, drug development and personalized medicine. Nat Rev Genet. 2022;23:467–491.doi:10.1038/s41576-022-00466-9
  4. Mak IW, Evaniew N, Ghert M. Lost in translation: animal models and clinical trials in cancer treatment. Am J Transl Res. 2014;6(2):114–118.PMCID: PMC3966166
  5. Young EWK, Beebe DJ. Fundamentals of microfluidic cell culture in controlled microenvironments. Chem Soc Rev. 2010;39(3):1036–1048.doi:10.1039/b909900j
  6. Bhatia SN, Ingber DE. Microfluidic organs-on-chips. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32(8):760–772.doi:10.1038/nbt.2989
  7. Zhu J, Shyy JY. Endothelial mechanobiology in arterial disease — the role of shear stress and microfluidic models. J Biomech. 2020;109:109–119.doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109898
  8. Prantil-Baun R, Novak R, Das D, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis enabled by microfluidically linked organs-on-chips. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;58:37–64.doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104748
  9. Eagle H. Amino acid metabolism in mammalian cell cultures. Science. 1959;130(3373):432–437.doi:10.1126/science.130.3373.432
  10. Pampaloni F, Reynaud EG, Stelzer EHK. The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8(10):839–845.doi:10.1038/nrm2236

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