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FluxMPS™ MEM, Low Glucose with Earle's Salts w/o L-Glutamine

Product#: DCP-MEM-QN1X
$34.10
DCP-MEM-QN1X
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warning For Research Use Only (RUO). Not intended for clinical, diagnostic, or therapeutic use in humans.
Cell Culture Media — Microfluidics Suitable
verified ISO 13485 Certified Manufacturing

FluxMPS™ MEM, Low Glucose with Earle's Salts w/o L-Glutamine

Contains Sodium Bicarbonate Contains Phenol Red Contains Calcium Contains Magnesium Contains Glucose Contains Sodium Pyruvate Without L-Glutamine Without HEPES

FluxMPS™ MEM, Low Glucose with Earle's Salts (DCP-MEM-QN1X) is a Microfluidics Suitable Minimum Essential Medium engineered for microphysiological system (MPS), organ-on-a-chip (OoC), and microfluidic applications where conventional 0.22 µm-filtered media fall short. A quadruple-stage filtration train (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2) reaches a 0.04 µm final cut-off — five times finer than the 0.22 µm membranes used for conventional sterile filtration — protecting narrow microchannels from blockage while preserving the full nutrient composition needed for demanding cell models.

  • Quadruple-stage filtration (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2) reaches a 0.04 µm final cut-off, five times finer than conventional 0.22 µm sterile filtration
  • Low-glucose Minimum Essential Medium (1,000 mg/L D-Glucose) with Earle's Salts, 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate, and 2,200 mg/L sodium bicarbonate
  • L-Glutamine-free formulation for user-controlled supplementation at time of use
  • Endotoxin release specification: < 0.05 EU/mL (USP <85> BET), tested per manufacturing batch
  • Sterility confirmed by 14-day USP <71> assay; no bacterial or fungal growth observed
  • Manufactured under an ISO 13485:2016 quality management system; final QC and packaging at Diagnocine, Totowa, NJ, USA
  • Full amino-acid and B-vitamin suite formulated for lot-to-lot consistency in long-duration perfusion culture
  • Customization available: pH, glucose level, HEPES, NEAA, salts, and nutrients — contact support@diagnocine.com
DCP-MEM-QN1X|Size: 500 mL, 1000 mL|Cell Culture Media
UNSPSC: 41116155 | Commodity: Molecular biology and cell culture growth media | (UNv260801)
FluxMPS™ MEM, Low Glucose with Earle's Salts w/o L-Glutamine — Liquid, 1X
  • Glucose1,000 mg/L (Low)
  • L-GlutamineNot included
  • Sodium Pyruvate110 mg/L
  • pH (USP <791>)7.4
  • Osmolality265 – 305 mOsm/kg H2O
  • Endotoxin (USP <85>)< 0.05 EU/mL
  • Filtration0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2 (Quadruple-stage)
  • Storage2–8°C, away from light
  • Shelf Life12 months from date of manufacture, unopened
  • Available Sizes500 mL, 1000 mL
ISO 13485:2016 USP <85> <785> <788> RUO
Why FluxMPS™

Engineered where standard media fails

Conventional 0.22 µm-filtered MEM does not exclude mycoplasma-sized organisms (0.2–0.3 µm), subvisible particulates, or ionic impurities that can accumulate in microchannels and compromise morphology in long-duration perfusion cultures. FluxMPS™ adds two additional filtration passes—including a second 0.04 µm final polish—to deliver a medium that is microchannel-safe, ultra-clean, and fully traceable from raw material to fill.[1]

filter_alt

Microchannel-Safe Purity

A 0.04 µm final filter is evaluated for USP <788> Method 1 (Light Obscuration) particulate compliance, reducing the risk of channel blockage and flow resistance drift in organ-on-a-chip devices.[2]

target

Total Metabolic Control

Low-glucose (1 g/L), L-glutamine-free formulation lets researchers define the amino-acid supply precisely—useful for Warburg-effect, metabolomics, and flux-analysis experiments.

water_drop

Ultrapure-Grade Water

Prepared with Type 1 Ultrapure water at 18.2 MΩ·cm (ASTM D1193 / ISO 3696), minimizing trace-metal and organic-carbon contribution from the water source.[3]

visibility

Low Background for Imaging

A low particulate baseline reduces background scatter in confocal live-cell imaging and integrated biosensor read-outs on chip. Note: this formulation contains phenol red, which itself contributes optical absorbance — select a phenol-red-free variant for fluorescence-sensitive assays.

science

Rich, Stable Nutrient Profile

Full MEM amino-acid and vitamin suite—including arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, and essential B-vitamins—micro-batch formulated for lot-to-lot consistency and long perfusion stability.

tune

Customization on Demand

pH, glucose concentration, Earle's or Hank's salts, HEPES, NEAA, and calcium level are all adjustable. Request a custom formulation at support@diagnocine.com.

Purity Architecture

Quadruple-stage filtration system

DCP-MEM-QN1X is filtered through two dedicated 0.1 µm/0.04 µm prefilter-plus-final-filter pairs in series, run in the order 0.1 µm → 0.04 µm → 0.1 µm → 0.04 µm, before an aseptic fill. This paired, redundant architecture reaches a 0.04 µm final cut-off — five times finer than the 0.22 µm membranes used in conventional single-pass sterile filtration.

  1. 1

    0.1 µm Prefiltration I

    Removes large particulates, cell debris, and protein aggregates ahead of the first 0.04 µm final filter, protecting downstream membrane capacity and extending filter service life.

  2. 2

    0.04 µm Final Filtration I

    First 0.04 µm pass retains sub-micron particulates and mycoplasma-sized organisms (0.2–0.3 µm) that pass unimpeded through a standard 0.22 µm membrane.

  3. 3

    0.1 µm Prefiltration II

    A second, dedicated 0.1 µm prefilter protects the final 0.04 µm cartridge from fouling, maintaining consistent flow through the polishing stage.

  4. 4

    0.04 µm Final Filtration II — Polish

    Ultimate 0.04 µm polishing filter completes the redundant pair train. Aseptic fill and finish is performed under ISO Class 5 (Class 100) cleanroom conditions.

Performance vs. conventional media

A quadruple-stage train (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2) reaches a 0.04 µm final cut-off, five times finer than the 0.22 µm membranes used for conventional sterile filtration, helping protect microfluidic channels and sensor surfaces throughout extended perfusion runs.[2]

0.04 µm
Final filter pore size — five times finer than a standard 0.22 µm membrane
4
Validated filtration passes (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2)
Sterility & mycoplasma control: Each batch undergoes a 14-day sterility test per USP <71> with no observed bacterial or fungal growth. Mycoplasma risk is controlled by 0.1 µm mycoplasma-retentive filtration (not tested per lot); mycoplasma organisms typically measure 0.2–0.3 µm in diameter.
Grade: This product is Microfluidics Suitable, filtered to a 0.04 µm final cut-off. It is not an MPS Grade product — that designation is reserved for the 0.01 µm ultra nano-filtered line, which adds 0.02 µm and 0.01 µm stages after the 0.04 µm polish. For applications requiring the 0.01 µm cut-off, contact support@diagnocine.com.
FluxMPS™ DCP-MEM-QN1X MEM Low Glucose with Earle's Salts ? Quadruple-Stage Filtration System (0.1 μm x2 + 0.04 μm x2) for organ-on-a-chip, microfluidic MPS, and microphysiological system cell culture applications by Diagnocine
Figure 1. FluxMPS™ Quadruple-Stage Filtration Architecture: two 0.1 µm prefilters followed by two 0.04 µm final filters deliver a 0.04 µm cut-off for microfluidic and MPS applications.
© Diagnocine® — DCP-MEM-QN1X
Applications

Designed for next-generation cell models

FluxMPS™ MEM (DCP-MEM-QN1X) supports a broad range of cell types including HeLa, BHK-21, HEK-293, HEP-2, HT-1080, MCF-7, fibroblasts, and primary rat astrocytes.[4] Its low-particulate profile is well suited to microfluidic perfusion systems, metabolic research, and live-cell optical platforms where media purity affects data quality.

Automated Bioreactors & Robotics

Next-Generation System Uptime

For high-throughput automated bioreactor platforms and liquid-handling robotics, an optional 0.01 µm (10 nm) ultra nano-filtered MPS Grade variant of DCP-MEM-QN1X is available on inquiry — a distinct product line from this 0.04 µm Microfluidics Suitable medium. This grade further reduces nanoscale particulates that can foul micro-valves, optical flow sensors, and pressure transducers during continuous perfusion cycles.

  • Extended Particulate Exclusion: 0.01 µm filtration retains nano-aggregates that pass standard 0.22 µm and 0.04 µm membranes, protecting sensitive fluidic components.
  • Valve & Sensor Protection: Low-particulate media helps reduce fouling of micro-valves, flow meters, and optical windows over long-duration automated runs.
  • Extended Perfusion Stability: Reduced particle load supports stable flow resistance and nutrient delivery throughout multi-week automated culture cycles.

Inquiry Required: The 0.01 µm MPS Grade variant is produced on request. Contact support@diagnocine.com to discuss specifications, volume requirements, and lead time.

Microfluidics

Micro Physiological System (MPS) & Chip

Low-particulate MEM formulated for long-duration perfusion in organ-on-a-chip, tissue-on-a-chip, and body-on-a-chip systems. Supports sub-100 µm channel geometries.

OoC ToC BoC LoC MPS
Cancer Biology

Warburg Effect & Metabolic Research

Low glucose (1 g/L), L-glutamine-free formulation is well suited to studying aerobic glycolysis, metabolic reprogramming, and nutrient competition in tumor microenvironments.

MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 HeLa A549
Stem Cell Biology

iPSC-Derived Models

Serves as a defined base medium for iPSC-derived cell types requiring low-glucose conditions. Compatible with growth factor supplementation for differentiation protocols.

iPSC-Neurons iPSC-CM iPSC-Hep
Vascular Biology

Endothelial & Primary Cells

Earle's salt formulation supports primary mammalian cells including fibroblasts and primary rat astrocytes. Ultrapure water quality helps minimize endothelial activation artifacts.

HUVECs HAECs Primary hepatocytes
Metabolomics

Metabolic Flux Analysis

Defined, L-glutamine-free MEM provides a clean background for isotope-tracing analysis. Low glucose enables precise substrate control. Note: this formulation contains sodium bicarbonate and phenol red and is not compatible with Agilent Seahorse XF assays, which require bicarbonate-free, phenol-red-free medium.

¹³C tracing NMR metabolomics
Live-Cell Imaging

Microscopy & Optical Sensing

Low particulate count helps reduce background scatter in live confocal microscopy and integrated optical biosensors on microfluidic chips. Contains phenol red; select a phenol-red-free variant for TEER or fluorescence-sensitive channels.

Confocal Biosensors TEER
Technical Specifications

Quality-controlled to Microfluidics Suitable standards

Every batch of FluxMPS™ DCP-MEM-QN1X is released against the following analytical specifications, verified at Diagnocine R&D and Quality Testing Center, Totowa, NJ.

1 — Physical & Chemical Parameters
Parameter Specification
Formulation [+] Sodium Bicarbonate, [+] Phenol Red, [+] Calcium, [+] Magnesium, [+] Glucose, [+] Sodium Pyruvate, [−] L-Glutamine, [−] HEPES (also formulated with Earle's Salts; NEAA not included)
Appearance Orange-to-red, clear solution (phenol red indicator present)
pH USP <791> 7.4 at 1X concentration
Osmolality USP <785> 265 – 305 mOsm/kg H2O
D-Glucose 1,000 mg/L (Low Glucose)
L-Glutamine Not included — user-supplemented
Sodium Pyruvate 110 mg/L
Phenol Red 11 mg/L (sodium salt)
2 — Sterility, Purity & Safety Parameters
Parameter Specification
Endotoxin USP <85> BET < 0.05 EU/mL (batch release specification)
Sterility USP <71> No growth after 14 days
Mycoplasma 0.1 µm mycoplasma-retentive filtration (not tested per lot)
Particulate ≥10 µm USP <788> M1 Compliant
Particulate ≥25 µm USP <788> M1 Compliant
Water Purity Ultrapure Type 1 (18.2 MΩ·cm)
Manufacturing Std. ISO 13485:2016; 21 CFR Part 820 (QMSR) aligned
Fill Environment ISO Class 5 (Class 100) cleanroom
3 — Storage, Handling & Logistics
Parameter Specification
Storage Temperature 2 – 8°C, away from bright light
Freeze-Thaw Not recommended
Shelf Life 12 months from date of manufacture, unopened
Shipping Condition Cold pack (2 – 8°C)
CO₂ Requirement 5% CO₂ / 95% air (sodium bicarbonate-buffered, 2,200 mg/L NaHCO₃)
Available Pack Sizes 500 mL, 1000 mL
4 — Raw Materials & Regulatory Traceability
Parameter Specification
Raw Material Grade Reagent-grade or higher; traceable CoC/CoA
Traceability Full raw-material traceability per ISO 13485
Manufacturing QMS ISO 13485 ISO 13485:2016 certified
UNSPSC 41116155 — Molecular biology and cell culture growth media (UNv260801)
Regulatory Alignment 21 CFR Part 820 (QMSR) aligned
Production Method Micro-batch filtration-sterilization
Intended Use Research Use Only (RUO)
Formulation

Full composition (mg/L)

Complete 1X formulation per batch. L-glutamine, HEPES, and NEAA are not included and must be added by the user. CAS numbers provided for traceability.

Component CAS Number mg/L
INORGANIC SALTS
Calcium chloride dihydrate 10035-04-8 265.000
Magnesium sulfate anhydrous 7487-88-9 97.720
Potassium chloride 7447-40-7 400.000
Sodium bicarbonate 144-55-8 2200.000
Sodium chloride 7647-14-5 6800.000
Sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous 7558-79-4 122.000
Component CAS Number mg/L
AMINO ACIDS
L-Arginine hydrochloride 1119-34-2 126.000
L-Cystine dihydrochloride 32854-45-8 31.300
L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate 5934-29-2 42.000
L-Isoleucine 73-32-5 52.000
L-Leucine 61-90-5 52.000
L-Lysine hydrochloride 657-27-2 72.500
L-Methionine 63-68-3 15.000
L-Phenylalanine 63-91-2 32.000
L-Threonine 72-19-5 48.000
L-Tryptophan 73-22-3 10.000
L-Tyrosine disodium salt 69847-45-6 51.900
L-Valine 72-18-4 46.000
Component CAS Number mg/L
VITAMINS
Choline chloride 67-48-1 1.000
D-Ca-Pantothenate 137-08-6 1.000
Folic acid 59-30-3 1.000
Niacinamide 98-92-0 1.000
Pyridoxine hydrochloride 58-56-0 1.000
Riboflavin 83-88-5 0.100
Thiamine hydrochloride 67-03-8 1.000
i-Inositol 87-89-8 2.000
OTHERS
D-Glucose 50-99-7 1000.000
Phenol red sodium salt 34487-61-1 11.000
Sodium Pyruvate 113-24-6 110.000
Customization: Other concentrations, chemical additions, proteins, supplements, different pH, and modifications are available. Please inquire at support@diagnocine.com. Users should review the literature for recommendations regarding medium supplementation and physiological growth requirements for specific cell lines and conditions.
Quality Assurance

Manufacturing & compliance infrastructure

FluxMPS™ DCP-MEM-QN1X is manufactured by Diagnocine under a certified Quality Management System. All final packaging, quality assurance, and testing are performed at the Diagnocine R&D and Quality Testing Center, Totowa, New Jersey, USA.

verified

ISO 13485:2016 QMS

Manufactured under an ISO 13485:2016-certified quality management system. The quality system covers design controls, risk management, supplier qualification, and full raw-material traceability.

water_drop

Ultrapure Type 1 Water

All media are prepared with Type 1 Ultrapure water at 18.2 MΩ·cm (ASTM D1193 / ISO 3696), minimizing trace-metal and organic-carbon contribution from the water source.

biotech

ISO Class 5 Fill & Finish

Aseptic filling is performed in ISO Class 5 (Class 100) cleanroom conditions following the quadruple-stage filtration train. Each unit is sealed and labeled under positive-pressure laminar flow.

assignment

Micro-Batch Precision

Small-batch formulation strategy supports lot-to-lot consistency. Each micro-batch is formulated, filtered, and tested as a discrete unit, enabling tighter specification windows than large-scale production.

Batch-level quality control. Endotoxin is controlled per manufacturing batch rather than per unit. Every batch is tested before release and must meet the release specification:
  • Endotoxin — LAL assay, USP <85> Bacterial Endotoxins Test; assay sensitivity 0.005 EU/mL; release specification < 0.05 EU/mL
  • pH, osmolality, conductivity, appearance and clarity
  • Sterility
A Certificate of Analysis is available on request.

Endotoxin — USP <85> BET

Bacterial Endotoxin Test (LAL) performed per USP <85> on every manufacturing batch. Release specification: < 0.05 EU/mL. See batch-level quality control above.

Particulate — USP <788> Method 1

Sub-visible particulate testing per USP <788> Method 1 (Light Obscuration Particle Count Test). Compliant at both ≥10 µm and ≥25 µm thresholds.

Osmolality — USP <785>

Osmolality measured per USP <785> on every batch. Specification: 265 – 305 mOsm/kg H2O at 1X concentration.

Documentation — Certificate of Analysis (CoA)

A batch-specific CoA including appearance, pH, osmolality, endotoxin, and sterility results is available upon request. Growth promotion assays confirm cellular morphology and proliferation vs. control media.

Certificate of Analysis: To request a CoA for your lot, contact support@diagnocine.com with your lot number. CoA documents include all QC release parameters listed above.
Product Comparison

How DCP-MEM-QN1X compares

FluxMPS™ MEM is engineered for microphysiological and microfluidic applications where conventional media fall short. The table below highlights key differentiators versus standard 0.22 µm-filtered alternatives.

Parameter DCP-MEM-QN1X (FluxMPS™) Conventional MEM (0.22 µm filtered) Standard alternative (0.22 µm filtered)
Grade Microfluidics Suitable (0.04 µm final cut-off) Standard filtration (0.22 µm) Standard filtration (0.22 µm)
Distinctive formulation Low glucose + Earle's salts, L-Gln-free, sodium pyruvate included Typically standard glucose; L-Gln included or absent varies by lot Varies by manufacturer; formulation may differ
Final filtration pore size 0.04 µm 0.22 µm 0.22 µm
Number of filtration stages 4 (Quadruple-stage) 1 1
Mycoplasma-retentive filtration check_circle Yes (0.1 µm, size-exclusion) cancel No dedicated stage cancel No dedicated stage
Endotoxin (release specification) < 0.05 EU/mL Corning classical liquid media — < 0.25 EU/mL
Sigma-Aldrich DMEM complete medium — ≤ 2 EU/mL
Gibco classical DMEM — Not specified (recorded per lot)
USP particulate compliance check_circle USP <788> Method 1 cancel Not typically tested cancel Not typically tested
Water quality Ultrapure Type 1, 18.2 MΩ·cm Purified water; grade varies Purified water; grade varies
Manufacturing QMS ISO 13485:2016 certified Varies by manufacturer Varies by manufacturer
Microfluidic channel compatibility check_circle Designed for <100 µm channels cancel Not validated for MPS cancel Not validated for MPS
Custom formulation check_circle Available on request cancel Fixed formulation cancel Fixed formulation

Comparison figures from published supplier specifications, accessed 2026-09-02. Suppliers that publish no numeric endotoxin specification are shown as "Not specified".

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

Answers to common questions about FluxMPS™ DCP-MEM-QN1X formulation, filtration, and application suitability.

Yes. FluxMPS™ DCP-MEM-QN1X is a Microfluidics Suitable medium engineered for organ-on-a-chip (OoC), microphysiological system (MPS), tissue-on-a-chip (ToC), and lab-on-a-chip (LoC) platforms. Its quadruple-stage filtration train (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2) reaches a 0.04 µm final cut-off, protecting microchannels smaller than 100 µm from particulate accumulation and flow resistance drift over multi-day perfusion runs.
Standard 0.22 µm filtered media do not exclude particles or organisms in the 0.2–0.3 µm mycoplasma size range. FluxMPS™ runs a second 0.1 µm/0.04 µm pair after the first, reaching a 0.04 µm final cut-off across four total passes — five times finer than a single 0.22 µm membrane. USP <788> Method 1 (Light Obscuration) particulate testing is performed on every batch.
L-Glutamine is intentionally excluded because it degrades spontaneously in aqueous solution, generating ammonia that can shift pH and affect cell growth over time in storage. Excluding it lets you add L-Glutamine fresh at the concentration appropriate for your cell line immediately before use, or substitute a stabilized dipeptide such as GlutaMAX™. Typical supplementation for MEM-based cultures is 2 mM L-Glutamine; consult your cell-line-specific literature or contact support@diagnocine.com for guidance.
Yes. DCP-MEM-QN1X contains 2,200 mg/L sodium bicarbonate as the primary pH buffer, which requires a 5% CO₂ / 95% air atmosphere to maintain the target pH of 7.4. Without CO₂ supplementation the bicarbonate system will outgas and pH will rise. A HEPES-buffered custom formulation is available on request for CO₂-independent applications — contact support@diagnocine.com.
Yes. Like all Minimum Essential Media formulations, DCP-MEM-QN1X does not contain proteins, lipids, or growth factors by design, and typically requires supplementation with 5–10% FBS or a serum-free alternative. It is compatible with L-Glutamine, GlutaMAX™, non-essential amino acids (NEAA), antibiotics, and recombinant growth factors (sodium pyruvate is already included at 110 mg/L). When adding serum or protein-containing supplements, filter through a 0.2 µm low-protein-binding PES or PVDF membrane — never 0.04 µm, which retains serum proteins and lipoproteins. Calcium can be omitted on request to support suspension culture.
The release specification for DCP-MEM-QN1X is < 0.05 EU/mL, tested by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay per USP <85> (Bacterial Endotoxins Test; assay sensitivity 0.005 EU/mL). Endotoxin is controlled per manufacturing batch: every batch is tested before release and must meet this specification. Batch-specific results are included in the Certificate of Analysis, available on request from support@diagnocine.com.
Yes. A batch-specific Certificate of Analysis is available for every batch of DCP-MEM-QN1X. The CoA includes: appearance, pH (USP <791>), osmolality (USP <785>), endotoxin (USP <85> BET), sterility test result (USP <71>, 14-day), and cultural response data comparing morphology and cell count to a reference control medium. Contact support@diagnocine.com with your lot number as printed on the product label. Use before the expiry date given on the label.
Scientific References

Supporting literature

Curated peer-reviewed references supporting the application areas and technical claims of FluxMPS™ MEM (DCP-MEM-QN1X).

  1. Huh D, Hamilton GA, Ingber DE. From 3D cell culture to organs-on-chips. Trends Cell Biol. 2011;21(12):745–754.doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2011.09.005
  2. Bhattacharya M, et al. Subvisible particle characterization in biologic drug products: a review of analytical methods and strategies. J Pharm Sci. 2012;101(3):955–975.doi:10.1002/jps.22812
  3. Marin-Bertolin S, et al. Water quality standards in cell culture media preparation: effect of endotoxins and ionic contaminants. BioTechniques. 2019;66(2):77–83.doi:10.2144/btn-2018-0120
  4. Eagle H. Amino acid metabolism in mammalian cell cultures. Science. 1959;130(3373):432–437.doi:10.1126/science.130.3373.432
  5. Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science. 1956;123(3191):309–314.doi:10.1126/science.123.3191.309
  6. Bhatia SN, Ingber DE. Microfluidic organs-on-chips. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32(8):760–772.doi:10.1038/nbt.2989
  7. van Duinen V, et al. Microfluidic 3D cell culture: from tools to tissue models. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2015;35:118–126.doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.05.002
  8. Shirure VS, George SC. Design considerations to minimize the impact of drug absorption in polymer-based organ-on-a-chip platforms. Lab Chip. 2017;17(4):681–690.doi:10.1039/C6LC01401A
  9. Freedman BS, et al. Modelling kidney disease with CRISPR-mutant kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent epiblast spheroids. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8715.doi:10.1038/ncomms9715
  10. Draper BK, et al. Mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures: incidence, sources, effects, detection, elimination, and prevention. Cytotechnology. 1998;26(3):179–200.doi:10.1023/A:1007914404481

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