FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) Eagle Hanks’ Amino Acids w/o L-Glutamine, Sodium Bicarbonate, Mercaptoethanol, 1X Liquid Cell Culture

Product#: DCP-CM-QB1X
$71.49
DCP-CM-QB1X
Availability:
Ships in 1-2 Weeks

warning For Research Use Only (RUO). Not intended for clinical, diagnostic, or therapeutic use in humans.
Cell Culture Media
verified ISO 13485 Certified Manufacturing

FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) Eagle Hanks’ Amino Acids w/o L-Glutamine, Sodium Bicarbonate, Mercaptoethanol

Contains Phenol Red Contains Calcium Contains Magnesium Contains Glucose Contains Sodium Pyruvate Without L-Glutamine Without Sodium Bicarbonate

FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) is a Microfluidics Suitable, quadruple-stage ultra-filtered (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2) 1X liquid Eagle Hanks’ Amino Acids formulation engineered for microphysiological systems (MPS), organ-on-a-chip (OoC), and microfluidic research. A quadruple-stage train (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2) reaches a 0.04 µm final cut-off, five times finer than the 0.22 µm membranes used for conventional sterile filtration.

  • Formulated as Eagle Hanks’ Amino Acids (EHAA) Click’s Medium, without L-Glutamine, Sodium Bicarbonate, or Mercaptoethanol for full researcher-controlled supplementation
  • Low glucose (1.0 g/L) plus 275 mg/L Sodium Pyruvate and four nucleic acid precursors (Adenosine, Cytosine, Guanosine, Uridine) support immune-cell viability
  • Hanks’ balanced salt buffering system: no CO2 incubator required; add sodium bicarbonate only if a CO2 atmosphere is used
  • Quadruple-stage filtration (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2) to a 0.04 µm final cut-off — Microfluidics Suitable
  • Endotoxin release specification < 0.05 EU/mL (LAL, USP <85>), controlled per manufacturing batch
  • Manufactured under an ISO 13485:2016 quality management system; final QC and packaging at Diagnocine, Totowa, NJ, USA
  • Prepared with Ultrapure Type 1 water (18.2 MΩ·cm) for trace-metal and organic-carbon control
  • Custom pH, glucose, salts, HEPES, and formulation modifications available on request
DCP-CM-QB1X | Cell culture media Size: 500 mL and 1000 mL UNSPSC: 41116155 | Commodity: Molecular biology and cell culture growth media | (UNv260801)
FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) — Liquid, 1X, Sterile
  • Glucose1000.000 mg/L (Low Glucose, 1.0 g/L)
  • L-GlutamineNot added — supplement per protocol
  • Sodium Pyruvate275.000 mg/L
  • pH (1X)7.4  USP <791>
  • Osmolality320–360 mOsm/kg H2O  USP <785>
  • Endotoxin< 0.05 EU/mL  USP <85>
  • FiltrationQuadruple-stage 0.1µm×2 + 0.04µm×2
  • Storage2–8°C, protected from light
  • Shelf Life12 months from date of manufacture, unopened
  • ShippingCold pack
ISO 13485:2016 USP <85> <785> <788> RUO
Why FluxMPS™

Engineered where standard media fails

Conventional 0.22 µm-filtered cell culture media can harbour mycoplasma (0.2–0.3 µm), subvisible particulates, and residual endotoxin that accumulate inside microfluidic channels as narrow as 10 µm — corrupting cytokine measurements, blocking microvalves, and generating false-positive biosensor signals. For immune-cell studies in MPS and OoC platforms, where mouse spleen cells, primary lymphocytes, or iPSC-derived immune models must respond authentically to defined stimuli, medium purity matters. FluxMPS™ is engineered to address these failure modes in a single formulation.[1,2]

filter_alt

Microchannel-safe purity

0.04 µm final-stage filtration targets subvisible particulates below USP <788> Method 1 limits, reducing the risk of accumulation and flow disruption inside microfluidic architectures.[3]

target

Total metabolic control

Omission of L-Glutamine, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Mercaptoethanol allows precise user-defined supplementation for Warburg-effect studies, redox manipulation, or immune-metabolic phenotyping.

water_drop

Ultrapure-grade water

Prepared using Ultrapure Type 1 water (18.2 MΩ·cm) for trace-metal and organic-carbon control, supporting reproducible chip-based immunology. Endotoxin and osmolality are independently verified per lot.[4]

visibility

Low background for imaging

Reduced particulate baseline supports confocal microscopy, TEER measurements, and biosensor readouts in chip-based immune assays with less particulate-associated background than conventional 0.22 µm media.

science

Rich, stable nutrient profile

Elevated essential and non-essential amino acids, four nucleic acid precursors (Adenosine, Cytosine, Guanosine, Uridine), and Sodium Pyruvate provide a robust nutrient matrix for immune-cell viability in stationary and perfusion cultures.

tune

Customization on demand

pH, glucose concentration, Hanks’ salt balance, HEPES buffering, and additional nutrients or supplements can be modified on request. Contact support@diagnocine.com for bespoke formulations.

Purity Architecture

Quadruple-stage filtration system

FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) is processed through four sequential membrane filtration stages under ISO Class 5 (Class 100) aseptic conditions, reaching a 0.04 µm final pore size. [5]

  1. 1

    0.1 µm Prefiltration I

    Removes large particulates, aggregates, and cellular debris. Protects the first 0.04 µm final-filter cartridge from rapid fouling.

  2. 2

    0.04 µm Final filtration I

    First 0.04 µm pass; retains sub-micron particulates and provides mycoplasma-retentive filtration ahead of the second pair.

  3. 3

    0.1 µm Prefiltration II

    Second dedicated prefilter, protecting the second 0.04 µm final-filter cartridge under ISO Class 5 conditions.

  4. 4

    0.04 µm Final filtration II — Polish

    Ultimate polishing filter and aseptic fill under ISO Class 5 (Class 100) laminar-flow conditions, completing the microchannel-safe purity architecture.

Performance vs. conventional media

All lots also pass 14-day USP <71> sterility testing before release.

5×
Fewer particulates than 0.22 µm filtered media by particulate count (USP <788>)
0.04
µm Final filtration stage — mycoplasma-retentive polish
Sterility & mycoplasma control: No bacterial or fungal growth is observed after 14 days of incubation per USP <71>. Mycoplasma control is achieved through 0.1 µm mycoplasma-retentive filtration at two stages of the train (not tested per lot); mycoplasma species measure approximately 0.2–0.3 µm.
Grade: This product is Microfluidics Suitable, filtered to a 0.04 µm final cut-off. It is not an MPS Grade product — that designation is reserved for the 0.01 µm ultra nano-filtered line, which adds 0.02 µm and 0.01 µm stages after the 0.04 µm polish. For applications requiring the 0.01 µm cut-off, contact support@diagnocine.com.
FluxMPS™ Click's Medium (EHAA) DCP-CM-QB1X Quadruple-Stage Filtration System diagram showing four stages (0.1 micron x2 + 0.04 micron x2) for organ-on-a-chip and microfluidic cell culture applications, Diagnocine
Figure 1. FluxMPS™ Quadruple-Stage Filtration Architecture: Prefiltration I (0.1 µm) → Final filtration I (0.04 µm) → Prefiltration II (0.1 µm) → Final filtration II — Polish (0.04 µm), under ISO Class 5 aseptic fill conditions.
© Diagnocine® — DCP-CM-QB1X
Applications

Where FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) performs

Originally developed by Robert Click to study the in vitro immune response of mouse spleen cells using heterologous red blood cells (RBCs), Click’s Medium (EHAA) has evolved into a versatile platform for immune-cell biology, metabolic research, and microphysiological systems. The FluxMPS™ ultra-filtered formulation extends its utility to microfluidic organ-on-a-chip platforms.[1,6]

Automated Bioreactors & Robotics

Next-Generation System Uptime

For automated bioreactor platforms and robotic liquid-handling systems where media contacts precision valves, sensors, and tubing over extended perfusion runs, an optional 0.01 µm (10 nm) MPS Grade variant of FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) is available on inquiry.

  • Total Particulate Exclusion: 0.01 µm filtration removes nanoparticulates that pass 0.04 µm membranes, protecting optical sensors and flow sensors from signal drift.
  • Valve & Sensor Protection: Reduces micro-valve fouling and micro-electrode contamination risk in long-duration perfusion experiments.
  • Extended Perfusion Stability: Supports media quality across multi-day automated perfusion cycles.

Inquiry Required: The 0.01 µm MPS Grade variant is produced in micro-batches on request. Contact support@diagnocine.com to discuss your automation platform requirements and lead time.

Microfluidics

Micro Physiological System (MPS) & Chip

Ultra-filtered, microchannel-safe media for organ-on-a-chip, tissue-on-a-chip, and body-on-a-chip immune-tissue models at 0.04 µm Microfluidics Suitable purity.

OoCToC BoCLoC MPS
Immunology

In Vitro Immune Response & Spleen Cell Culture

The foundational medium for mouse spleen cell immunisation with heterologous RBCs under stationary culture conditions without daily feeding, now in Microfluidics Suitable purity for chip-based immunology.[1]

Mouse spleen cells RBC challenge B-cell activation
Stem Cell Biology

iPSC-Derived Immune Models

Supports iPSC-derived macrophages, dendritic cells, and other immune lineages in chip-based disease models requiring metabolically defined, mercaptoethanol-free base media.

iPSC-Macrophages iPSC-DC iPSC-NK
Metabolomics

Metabolic Flux & Immune Metabolism

Absence of L-Glutamine and Mercaptoethanol enables ¹³C-isotope tracing and NMR metabolomics of immune-cell energetics with full substrate-supplementation control. Not compatible with Agilent Seahorse XF assays, which require bicarbonate-free, phenol red-free medium.

¹³C tracing NMR metabolomics
Vascular Biology

Endothelial & Primary Immune Cells

Suitable as a base medium for primary lymphocytes, HUVECs co-cultured with immune cells, and multi-cell-type vasculature-on-chip models requiring minimal-interference base media.

HUVECs Primary lymphocytes Co-culture
Live-Cell Imaging

Microscopy & Optical Sensing

Low-particulate, phenol-red-containing formulation suited to phase-contrast and confocal imaging of immune-cell morphology, TEER monitoring, and biosensor-based immune activation assays on chip.[7]

Confocal Biosensors TEER
Technical Specifications

Analytical release specifications

Every batch of FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) is analytically characterised and released against the specifications below before shipping. Available pack sizes: 500 mL, 1000 mL. Certificate of Analysis (CoA) available on request at support@diagnocine.com.

Physical & Chemical Parameters
Parameter Specification
Formulation 1X liquid; [+] Phenol Red, [+] Calcium, [+] Magnesium, [+] Low Glucose (1.0 g/L), [+] Sodium Pyruvate; [−] L-Glutamine, [−] Sodium Bicarbonate, [−] Mercaptoethanol
Appearance Orange-colored, clear solution
pH USP <791> 7.4
Osmolality USP <785> 320–360 mOsm/kg H2O
Glucose 1000.000 mg/L (1.0 g/L, low glucose)
L-Glutamine Not added — supplement per protocol
Sodium Pyruvate 275.000 mg/L
Phenol Red 11.000 mg/L (Phenol red sodium salt)
Sterility, Purity & Safety Parameters
Parameter Specification
Endotoxin USP <85> BET < 0.05 EU/mL (LAL) — batch release specification, see Manufacturing & Compliance
Sterility USP <71> No growth after 14 days incubation; filtered 0.1 µm×2 + 0.04 µm×2
Mycoplasma 0.1 µm mycoplasma-retentive filtration (not tested per lot)
Particulate ≥10 µm USP <788> Method 1 ≤6,000 particles/mL
Particulate ≥25 µm USP <788> Method 1 ≤600 particles/mL
Water purity Ultrapure Type 1, 18.2 MΩ·cm
Manufacturing standard ISO 13485 ISO 13485:2016 QMS; 21 CFR Part 820 (QMSR) aligned
Fill environment ISO Class 5 (Class 100) laminar-flow aseptic fill
Storage, Handling & Logistics
Parameter Specification
Storage temperature 2–8°C, away from bright light; do not freeze
Freeze-thaw cycles Not recommended; do not freeze
Shelf life 12 months from date of manufacture, unopened
Shipping condition Cold pack
CO2 requirement CO2 incubator not required (Hanks’ balanced salt buffer); add sodium bicarbonate if a CO2 atmosphere is used
Pack sizes 500 mL, 1000 mL
Raw Materials & Regulatory Traceability
Parameter Specification
Raw material grade Cell-culture/reagent grade or higher; USP/NF where applicable
Traceability Lot-specific CoA; CAS numbers on file for all components
Manufacturing QMS ISO 13485 ISO 13485:2016 certified supplier facilities; Diagnocine R&D QC testing centre
UNSPSC 41116155 — Molecular biology and cell culture growth media (UNv260801)
Regulatory alignment 21 CFR Part 820 (QMSR) aligned
Production method Precision micro-batch; all packaging, QA & testing at Diagnocine, Totowa, NJ, USA
Intended use For Research Use Only (RUO). Not for clinical, diagnostic, or therapeutic use in humans.
Formulation

Full composition (mg/L)

The complete formulation is reproduced below: 41 individually verified components across four categories — Inorganic Salts, Amino Acids, Vitamins, and Others. Nucleic acid precursors (Adenosine, Cytosine, Guanosine, Uridine) distinguish Click’s Medium (EHAA) from standard Hanks’ salt media. All mg/L values are as-formulated at 1X concentration. L-Glutamine, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Mercaptoethanol are omitted by design; each is supplied as a separate supplement per researcher protocol.

Component CAS Number mg/L
 INORGANIC SALTS
Calcium chloride dihydrate 10035-04-8 245.530
Disodium hydrogen phosphate 7558-79-4 47.900
Magnesium chloride anhydrous 7786-30-3 164.900
Potassium chloride 7447-40-7 400.000
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 7778-77-0 60.000
Sodium chloride 7647-14-5 8000.000
Component CAS Number mg/L
 AMINO ACIDS
Glycine 56-40-6 30.000
L-Alanine 56-41-7 35.600
L-Arginine hydrochloride 1119-34-2 317.500
L-Asparagine anhydrous 70-47-3 52.800
L-Aspartic acid 56-84-8 53.200
L-Cystine dihydrochloride 30925-07-6 78.200
L-Glutamic acid 56-86-0 58.800
L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate 5934-29-2 104.700
L-Isoleucine 73-32-5 130.000
L-Leucine 61-90-5 130.000
L-Lysine hydrochloride 657-27-2 181.200
L-Methionine 63-68-3 37.500
L-Phenylalanine 63-91-2 80.000
L-Proline 147-85-3 46.000
L-Serine 56-45-1 42.000
L-Threonine 72-19-5 120.000
L-Tryptophan 73-22-3 25.000
L-Tyrosine disodium salt dihydrate 69847-45-6 118.900
L-Valine 72-18-4 115.000
Component CAS Number mg/L
 VITAMINS
Calcium pantothenate 137-08-6 2.000
Choline chloride 67-48-1 2.000
Folic acid 59-30-3 2.000
Niacinamide 98-92-0 2.000
Pyridoxal hydrochloride 65-22-5 2.000
Riboflavin 83-88-5 0.200
Thiamine hydrochloride 67-03-8 2.000
 OTHERS
Adenosine 58-61-7 25.000
Cytosine 71-30-7 25.000
Glucose 50-99-7 1000.000
Guanosine 118-00-3 25.000
Magnesium sulfate anhydrous 7487-88-9 97.720
myo-Inositol 87-89-8 4.000
Phenol red sodium salt 34487-61-1 11.000
Sodium pyruvate 113-24-6 275.000
Uridine 58-96-8 25.000
Customization available: pH, glucose concentration, Hanks’ salt concentrations, HEPES buffering, addition of L-Glutamine, Sodium Bicarbonate, Mercaptoethanol, or other nutrients can be modified on request. Contact support@diagnocine.com.
Quality Assurance

Manufacturing & compliance framework

FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) is produced under ISO 13485:2016 certified supplier facilities. All final packaging, quality assurance, and testing are performed at the Diagnocine R&D and Quality Testing Center. All customization and assembly is accomplished at Diagnocine Precision in Totowa, New Jersey, USA.

verified

ISO 13485:2016 QMS

Full Quality Management System certification covering design, production, and release of cell culture media. All processes are documented, audited, and 21 CFR Part 820 (QMSR) aligned.

water_drop

Ultrapure Type 1 Water

All formulations prepared using 18.2 MΩ·cm resistivity Ultrapure Type 1 water for trace-metal and organic-carbon control. Endotoxin and osmolality are verified per batch.

biotech

ISO Class 5 Fill & Finish

Aseptic filling performed under ISO Class 5 (Class 100) laminar-flow conditions following the four-stage quadruple filtration sequence.

assignment

Micro-Batch Precision

Produced in tightly controlled micro-batches for lot-to-lot composition consistency. Each batch is tracked by a unique lot number with raw-material traceability.

Batch-level quality control. Endotoxin is controlled per manufacturing batch rather than per unit. Every batch is tested before release and must meet the release specification:
  • Endotoxin — LAL assay, USP <85> Bacterial Endotoxins Test; assay sensitivity 0.005 EU/mL; release specification < 0.05 EU/mL
  • pH, osmolality, conductivity, appearance and clarity
  • Sterility
A Certificate of Analysis is available on request.

Endotoxin — USP <85> BET

LAL assay confirms endotoxin below the < 0.05 EU/mL release specification per batch. Testing is performed prior to release.

Particulate — USP <788> Method 1

Light obscuration particle count confirms ≤6,000 particles/mL at ≥10 µm and ≤600 particles/mL at ≥25 µm, consistent with the 0.04 µm final filtration cut-off.

Osmolality — USP <785>

Freezing-point depression osmometry confirms 320–360 mOsm/kg H2O per lot.

Documentation / CoA

Lot-specific Certificate of Analysis covering appearance, pH, osmolality, endotoxin, sterility, and particulate results. Provided on request at support@diagnocine.com.

CoA request: Certificate of Analysis for any specific lot of DCP-CM-QB1X is available by contacting support@diagnocine.com with your order/lot number.
Product Comparison

How DCP-CM-QB1X compares

FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) is processed to a 0.04 µm final filtration cut-off through a full quadruple-stage filtration architecture, verified by USP <788> particulate analysis and released under ISO 13485:2016 QMS testing.

Parameter DCP-CM-QB1X (FluxMPS™) Conventional Click’s EHAA (0.22 µm) Standard MEM / HMEM-based (0.22 µm)
Grade Microfluidics Suitable Not specified Not specified
Formulation [+] Phenol Red, [+] Calcium, [+] Magnesium, [+] Glucose, [+] Sodium Pyruvate; [−] L-Glutamine, [−] Sodium Bicarbonate, [−] Mercaptoethanol Variable by supplier Variable by supplier
Nucleic acid precursors (EHAA-specific) check_circle Adenosine, Cytosine, Guanosine, Uridine (25 mg/L each) check_circle Present at standard level cancel Not present in standard MEM
Final filtration pore size 0.04 µm (40 nm) 0.22 µm 0.22 µm
Number of filtration stages 4 stages (Quadruple) 1 stage 1 stage
Mycoplasma barrier filtration check_circle 0.1 µm mycoplasma-retentive, two stages cancel 0.22 µm only (mycoplasma not reliably retained) cancel 0.22 µm only
Endotoxin (release specification) FluxMPS™ — < 0.05 EU/mL Corning classical liquid media — < 0.25 EU/mL
Sigma-Aldrich DMEM complete medium — ≤ 2 EU/mL
Gibco classical DMEM — Not specified (recorded per lot)
USP particulate compliance check_circle USP <788> Method 1 per lot cancel Typically not tested cancel Typically not tested
Water quality Ultrapure Type 1 (18.2 MΩ·cm) Deionised/purified water Deionised/purified water
Manufacturing QMS ISO 13485:2016 certified Variable Variable
Microfluidic channel compatibility check_circle Microchannel-safe at <10 µm channel width cancel Particle accumulation risk in channels <50 µm cancel Particle accumulation risk
Custom formulation check_circle On request (pH, salts, glucose, supplements) cancel Not available cancel Not available

Comparison figures from published supplier specifications, accessed 2026-09-02. Suppliers that publish no numeric endotoxin specification are shown as "Not specified".

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

Common questions about FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) (DCP-CM-QB1X), its filtration system, supplementation requirements, and quality documentation.

Yes. FluxMPS™ Click’s Medium (EHAA) is engineered for MPS, OoC, tissue-on-a-chip, and lab-on-a-chip platforms. It is Microfluidics Suitable, processed through the Quadruple-Stage Filtration System (0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2), reducing subvisible particles that could otherwise accumulate inside microfluidic channels <50 µm wide. USP <788> Method 1 particulate analysis confirms compliance per lot.
Standard 0.22 µm single-pass filtration does not reliably retain mycoplasma, which can measure as small as 0.2–0.3 µm. FluxMPS™ uses four sequential membranes — two at 0.1 µm and two at 0.04 µm — providing mycoplasma-retentive filtration at each 0.1 µm stage and delivering approximately 5× fewer particles by USP <788> Method 1 count than conventional 0.22 µm media. Lots are not individually tested for mycoplasma unless otherwise stated.
These components are omitted by design to give researchers flexibility. L-Glutamine degrades over time in solution; adding it fresh (typically 2 mM final) before use is recommended. Sodium Bicarbonate is omitted because Click’s EHAA uses Hanks’ balanced salt buffer, which does not require a CO2 atmosphere; if your incubator uses CO2, add sodium bicarbonate accordingly. Mercaptoethanol is omitted to allow researcher-controlled redox conditions for classic Click’s spleen-cell immunisation protocols. Please consult the published literature for supplementation levels appropriate to your cell line.
Not by default. Click’s Medium (EHAA) is formulated with a Hanks’ balanced salt system, which maintains pH without a CO2 atmosphere, making it suitable for open-system microfluidic devices and ambient-air incubators. If you use a CO2 incubator, add sodium bicarbonate to the medium before use to maintain pH buffering.
Yes. This medium is formulated as a defined base that supports supplementation with heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum (FBS), murine or human serum, growth factors, cytokines, antibiotics, and other additives as required by your protocol. Serum and protein-containing supplements should be pre-filtered through a 0.2 µm low-protein-binding PES or PVDF membrane before addition; do not use a 0.04 µm membrane for serum, as it will strip serum proteins and clog rapidly. For custom pre-supplemented formulations, contact support@diagnocine.com.
Endotoxin is controlled per manufacturing batch, not per unit. Every batch is released against a specification of < 0.05 EU/mL, tested by LAL assay per USP <85> (Bacterial Endotoxins Test), with an assay sensitivity of 0.005 EU/mL. The result for the relevant batch is documented in the Certificate of Analysis (CoA). Contact support@diagnocine.com to discuss your requirements.
Yes. A lot-specific CoA is available for every batch of DCP-CM-QB1X. The CoA documents: appearance, pH (USP <791>), osmolality (USP <785>), endotoxin result (USP <85>), sterility (USP <71>), particulate matter (USP <788>), manufacturing lot number, expiry, and storage instructions. Request your CoA at support@diagnocine.com with your lot number.
Scientific References

Supporting literature

Curated peer-reviewed publications relevant to Click’s Medium (EHAA), immune-cell biology, organ-on-a-chip research, and microphysiological system media requirements. In-text citations ([n]) throughout this page correspond to the entries below.
This product has been utilized by researchers at MD Anderson Cancer Center in scientific and laboratory applications.

  1. Click RE, Benck L, Alter BJ. Immune responses in vitro. I. Culture conditions for antibody synthesis in vitro by normal mouse spleen cells. Cell Immunol. 1972;3(2):264–276. doi:10.1016/0008-8749(72)90071-0
  2. Huh D, Matthews BD, Mammoto A, Montoya-Zavala M, Hsin HY, Ingber DE. Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip. Science. 2010;328(5986):1662–1668. doi:10.1126/science.1188302
  3. Ingber DE. Reverse engineering human pathophysiology with organs-on-chips. Cell. 2016;164(6):1105–1109. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.005
  4. Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures: Incidence, implications, and management. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2021;39(4):493–500. doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.07.007
  5. United States Pharmacopeia. USP <788> Particulate Matter in Injections. USP-NF. Rockville, MD: USP; 2023. doi:10.31003/USPNF_M74950
  6. Sung JH, Esch MB, Prot JM, et al. Microfabricated mammalian organ systems and their integration into models of whole animals and humans. Lab Chip. 2013;13(7):1201–1212. doi:10.1039/c3lc51138h
  7. Rothbauer M, Zirath H, Ertl P. Recent advances in microfluidic technologies for cell-to-cell interaction studies. Lab Chip. 2018;18(2):249–270. doi:10.1039/c7lc00815e
  8. Luni C, Giulitti S, Serena E, Ferrari L, Zambon A, Gagliano O, et al. High-efficiency cellular reprogramming with microfluidics. Nat Methods. 2016;13(5):446–452. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3832
  9. van Midwoud PM, Janse A, Merema MT, Groothuis GM, Verpoorte E. Comparison of biocompatibility and adsorption properties of different plastics for advanced microfluidic cell and tissue culture models. Anal Chem. 2012;84(9):3938–3944. doi:10.1021/ac300771z
  10. Pampaloni F, Reynaud EG, Stelzer EH. The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8(10):839–845. doi:10.1038/nrm2236

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