FluxMPS™ Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), High Glucose: 1X Liquid

Product#: DCP-DMEMHGFA1X
$34.10
DCP-DMEMHGFA1X
Availability:
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Cell Culture Media
verified ISO 13485 Certified Manufacturing

FluxMPS™ DMEM High Glucose with Folic Acid — MPS-Grade 1X Liquid Cell Culture Medium

FluxMPS™ DCP-DMEMHGFA1X is an MPS-grade, quadruple-stage ultra-filtered Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium formulated with 4,500 mg/L glucose, L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate, sodium bicarbonate, phenol red, and folic acid — engineered for microfluidic channels, organ-on-a-chip (OoC), and microphysiological systems (MPS) where particulate contamination corrupts biosensor signals and blocks micron-scale conduits. Filtered through a proprietary 0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2 cascade, this medium delivers approximately 5× lower subvisible-particulate burden than conventional 0.22 µm-filtered DMEM — making it the purest ready-to-use high-glucose DMEM with folic acid available for chip-based biology.[1,2]

  • Quadruple-stage nano-filtration: 0.1 µm (pre-filter I) → 0.04 µm (pre-filter II) → 0.1 µm (sterile I) → 0.04 µm (final polish) — sub-mycoplasma polishing at every stage
  • Ultra-low particulate, microchannel-safe: USP <788> Method 2 compliant; approximately 5× cleaner than conventional 0.22 µm filtered media by particulate count
  • Endotoxin < 0.05 EU/mL (USP <85> BET) — protects cytokine-sensitive organ-chip models from inflammatory noise
  • Full-nutrient high-glucose DMEM: 4,500 mg/L D-Glucose, 584 mg/L L-Glutamine, 110 mg/L Sodium Pyruvate, 3,700 mg/L NaHCO₃, and folic acid (4 mg/L) for folate-pathway-sensitive cell lines
  • Prepared with Ultrapure Type 1 water (18.2 MΩ·cm); 4× BME amino acid and vitamin concentration per DMEM specification
  • ISO Class 5 (Class 100) aseptic fill & finish — ISO 13485:2016 QMS, 21 CFR Part 820 (cGMP) aligned
  • Customizable formulation: pH, glucose concentration, salts, HEPES, and nutrient composition available on request — contact support@diagnocine.com
DCP-DMEMHGFA1X | UNSPSC 12161503 Cell Culture Media
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), High Glucose w/ Folic Acid — 1X Liquid
  • D-Glucose4,500 mg/L
  • L-Glutamine584 mg/L
  • Sodium Pyruvate110 mg/L
  • Folic Acid4 mg/L (included)
  • pH (USP <791>)7.0 – 7.4 (prepared)
  • Osmolality (USP <785>)280 – 320 mOsm/kg
  • Endotoxin (USP <85>)< 0.05 EU/mL
  • Filtration System0.1µm ×2 + 0.04µm ×2
  • Storage2–8 °C, protected from light
  • Shelf Life12 months from manufacture
ISO 13485:2016 USP <85> <785> <788> RUO
Why FluxMPS™

Engineered where standard DMEM fails

Conventional 0.22 µm-filtered DMEM leaves behind subvisible particulates, mycoplasma-sized debris (0.1–0.3 µm), and endotoxin fragments that are invisible to the eye but catastrophic inside microfluidic channels whose widths can measure as little as 10–100 µm. These contaminants accumulate at chip inlets, corrupt TEER and electrochemical biosensor baselines, trigger sterile inflammation in cytokine-sensitive organ models, and block gravity-fed perfusion. FluxMPS™ DCP-DMEMHGFA1X eliminates all of these failure modes through a four-stage nano-filtration cascade that no single-stage membrane can replicate.[3,4]

filter_alt

Microchannel-Safe Purity

Final 0.04 µm filter stage removes particles, bacterial fragments, and mycoplasma-scale debris. USP <788> Method 2 particulate compliance ensures sub-micron cleanliness for the narrowest chip geometries.

target

Total Metabolic Control

4,500 mg/L glucose powers energy-demanding cancer, neuronal, and cardiomyocyte models. Paired with 584 mg/L L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate, and folic acid, this formulation supports full TCA-cycle and one-carbon metabolic flux studies.[5]

water_drop

Ultrapure-Grade Water

Prepared exclusively with Type 1 ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm) tested to USP <85> endotoxin and USP <643> TOC standards, eliminating ionic and organic interferents that degrade biosensor signal-to-noise ratios.

visibility

Low Background for Imaging

Ultra-clean optical clarity is retained through ISO Class 5 fill conditions. Ideal for confocal microscopy, fluorescence-based biosensors, live-cell calcium imaging, and TEER electrical measurements on organ-chip platforms.

science

Rich, Stable Nutrient Profile

4× BME amino acid and vitamin concentrations per DMEM specification. Includes glycine, serine, ferric nitrate, and folic acid — essential for rapidly dividing, proliferating cell populations in perfusion-based chip systems.[6]

tune

Customization on Demand

pH, glucose concentration, salts, HEPES, folic acid level, and overall nutrient composition are available on request. Micro-batch production ensures lot-to-lot consistency for longitudinal chip experiments. Contact support@diagnocine.com.

Purity Architecture

Quadruple-stage filtration system

DCP-DMEMHGFA1X is the only ready-to-use high-glucose DMEM with folic acid filtered through a four-stage 0.1 µm ×2 + 0.04 µm ×2 cascade — achieving sub-mycoplasma polishing levels that no single 0.22 µm membrane can approach. Each stage is independently validated before aseptic ISO Class 5 fill.

  1. 1

    0.1 µm Pre-filtration I — Large Particulate Removal

    The first 0.1 µm membrane captures macro-aggregates, undissolved powder residues, and large particulate matter generated during formulation. Removing this bulk load at stage 1 dramatically extends the service life and efficiency of all downstream membranes.

  2. 2

    0.04 µm Pre-filtration II — Fine Particulate & Mycoplasma Retention

    The first 0.04 µm (40 nm) stage captures fine particulates, bacteria, and mycoplasma-sized contaminants (100–300 nm), delivering a sub-mycoplasma polished stream before sterile-filtration stages begin. This is the stage that separates MPS-grade media from conventional offerings.

  3. 3

    0.1 µm Sterile-filtration I — Redundancy Pass

    A second independent 0.1 µm sterile-filtration membrane provides validated redundancy against bacterial breakthrough, as required for pharmaceutical-grade sterility assurance. This pass is documented in the batch manufacturing record for every lot.

  4. 4

    0.04 µm Sterile-filtration II — Final Polish & ISO Class 5 Fill

    The ultimate 40 nm polish stage is immediately followed by ISO Class 5 (Class 100) aseptic fill under laminar flow. The medium reaches the bottle at its cleanest possible state, with particulate burden verified by USP <788> Method 2 light-obscuration prior to release.

Performance vs. conventional 0.22 µm DMEM

By reducing filtration pore size from 0.22 µm to 0.04 µm (a 5.5× reduction) and doubling the number of filtration stages, DCP-DMEMHGFA1X achieves approximately 5× lower subvisible particulate counts, superior mycoplasma exclusion, and endotoxin levels < 0.05 EU/mL — meeting stringent standards that protect the most sensitive organ-on-a-chip biosensor readouts.

Cleaner than conventional
0.22 µm-filtered DMEM
by particulate count
0.04
µm final filter pore size
— sub-mycoplasma
polishing stage
Sterility & Mycoplasma Assurance: Each lot is tested for absence of bacterial and fungal growth after 14 days of incubation per USP <71> specification. Mycoplasma exclusion is assured through the dual 0.04 µm filtration stages, equivalent to USP <63> mycoplasma testing requirements. CoA available at release — contact support@diagnocine.com.
FluxMPS™ DCP-DMEMHGFA1X DMEM High Glucose with Folic Acid ? Quadruple-Stage Filtration System diagram showing four sequential filter stages: 0.1 μm pre-filter I, 0.04 μm pre-filter II, 0.1 μm sterile-filter I, and 0.04 μm final polish ? engineered for organ-on-a-chip, microphysiological systems, and microfluidic cell culture | Diagnocine
Figure 1. The FluxMPS™ Quadruple-Stage Filtration System: a sequential 0.1 µm → 0.04 µm → 0.1 µm → 0.04 µm cascade delivering sub-mycoplasma polished DMEM into ISO Class 5 fill conditions.
© Diagnocine® — DCP-DMEMHGFA1X
Applications

Designed for next-generation cell culture platforms

DCP-DMEMHGFA1X supports the full spectrum of advanced mammalian cell culture — from classical monolayer experiments to perfused microphysiological systems. Its MPS-grade purity is especially critical for models requiring optical clarity, biosensor precision, and contamination-free multi-week perfusion runs. Folic acid inclusion supports applications demanding active folate-pathway metabolism, one-carbon cycle studies, and proliferating epithelia on-chip.[7,8]

Automated Bioreactors & Robotics

Next-Generation System Uptime

For fully automated perfusion bioreactors and robotic liquid-handling platforms, an optional 0.01 µm (10 nm) ultra-filtered variant of DCP-DMEMHGFA1X is available on inquiry. At this pore size, essentially all subvisible particulate matter, protein aggregates, and nanoscale debris are excluded — protecting precision valves, microfluidic sensors, and automated sampling probes from clogging or signal drift across extended culture runs.

  • Total Particulate Exclusion: 10 nm filtration removes virtually all subvisible debris, protecting micro-valves and pneumatic actuators in automated systems
  • Valve & Sensor Protection: Near-zero particulate burden prevents valve seat fouling and optical sensor drift in closed-loop bioreactor perfusion circuits
  • Extended Perfusion Stability: Cleaner medium reduces fouling of perfusion tubing and inline sampling ports, supporting uninterrupted multi-week automated culture runs

Inquiry Required: The 0.01 µm (10 nm) ultra-filtered grade is a custom variant produced on request for automated bioreactor and robotic platform applications. Contact support@diagnocine.com to request this grade.

Microfluidics

Micro Physiological System (MPS) & Chip

MPS-grade purity and sub-0.04 µm filtration are mandatory for long-term perfusion of organ-on-a-chip, tissue-on-a-chip, and body-on-a-chip platforms where particulates block microchannels and corrupt TEER readouts.

OoCToCBoCLoCMPS
Cancer Biology

Warburg Effect & Metabolic Research

High glucose (4,500 mg/L) combined with folic acid supports aerobic glycolysis studies, Warburg-effect profiling, and one-carbon metabolism research in cancer cell lines. Pyruvate supplementation enables mitochondrial vs. glycolytic flux dissection.[5]

MCF-7MDA-MB-231HeLaA549
Stem Cell Biology

iPSC-Derived Models

Folic acid is an essential cofactor for rapidly proliferating iPSC-derived neurons, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes. MPS-grade ultra-filtration prevents particulate-induced apoptosis in fragile differentiated progeny cultures.

iPSC-NeuronsiPSC-CMiPSC-Hep
Vascular Biology

Endothelial & Primary Cells

Ultra-low endotoxin (< 0.05 EU/mL) is critical for endothelial cultures where LPS-level contamination activates NF-κB, disrupts barrier integrity, and confounds shear-stress experiments on vascular-on-a-chip models.

HUVECsHAECsPrimary hepatocytes
Metabolomics

Metabolic Flux Analysis

Defined, fully characterized composition (all mg/L values lot-certified) enables stable isotope tracing, Seahorse XF respirometry, and NMR metabolomics. Folic acid inclusion supports one-carbon and methionine-cycle flux studies.

¹³C tracingSeahorse XFNMR metabolomics
Live-Cell Imaging

Microscopy & Optical Sensing

ISO Class 5 fill and ultra-low particulate background deliver optical clarity for high-resolution confocal imaging, fluorescence-based biosensors, and TEER electrical measurements without signal-corrupting debris.

ConfocalBiosensorsTEER
Technical Specifications

Validated quality parameters

Every lot of DCP-DMEMHGFA1X is released against a full specification panel covering physical/chemical properties, sterility, purity, storage, and regulatory traceability. Certificates of Analysis are available upon request from support@diagnocine.com.

Physical & Chemical Parameters
Parameter Specification
Formulation [+] High Glucose, [+] L-Glutamine, [+] Sodium Pyruvate, [+] Sodium Bicarbonate, [+] Folic Acid, [+] Phenol Red
Appearance Red-colored, clear solution
pH USP <791> 7.0 – 7.4 (prepared medium)
Osmolality USP <785> 280 – 320 mOsm/kg H₂O
D-Glucose 4,500 mg/L (High Glucose)
L-Glutamine 584 mg/L
Sodium Pyruvate 110 mg/L
Phenol Red Present (pH indicator)
Sterility, Purity & Safety Parameters
Parameter Specification
Endotoxin USP <85> BET < 0.05 EU/mL
Sterility USP <71> No growth at 14 days
Mycoplasma Excluded via dual 0.04 µm stages USP <63> equiv.
Particulate ≥10 µm USP <788> M2 ≤ 6,000 particles/mL
Particulate ≥25 µm USP <788> M2 ≤ 600 particles/mL
Water Purity Ultrapure Type 1, 18.2 MΩ·cm USP <85>
Manufacturing Std. ISO 13485:2016; 21 CFR Part 820 aligned ISO
Fill Environment ISO Class 5 (Class 100) laminar-flow fill
Storage, Handling & Logistics
Parameter Specification
Storage Temperature 2 – 8 °C; protect from strong light
Freeze-Thaw Do not freeze; single-use aliquot recommended
Shelf Life 12 months from date of manufacture
Shipping Condition Refrigerated (cold pack, 2–8 °C)
CO₂ Requirement 5% CO₂ incubator required for NaHCO₃-buffered medium
Raw Materials & Regulatory Traceability
Parameter Specification
Raw Material Grade Cell-culture grade, lot-tested components
Traceability Full lot-to-lot CoA available; raw material lot records retained
Manufacturing QMS ISO 13485:2016 certified facility ISO 13485
Regulatory Alignment 21 CFR Part 820 (cGMP) aligned
Production Method Micro-batch precision formulation; Quadruple-stage filtration
Intended Use Research Use Only (RUO) — not for clinical or therapeutic use
Formulation

Full composition (mg/L)

DCP-DMEMHGFA1X contains 4× BME amino acid and vitamin concentrations per the standard DMEM specification, with folic acid included in the vitamins fraction. All values are per-lot release targets verified on the Certificate of Analysis. Composition based on the 1X liquid formulation with sodium bicarbonate and sodium pyruvate.

Component CAS Number mg/L
INORGANIC SALTS
Calcium chloride dihydrate 10035-04-8 265.000
Ferric nitrate nonahydrate 7782-61-8 0.100
Magnesium sulphate anhydrous 7487-88-9 97.720
Potassium chloride 7447-40-7 400.000
Sodium bicarboanate 144-55-8 3700.000
Sodium chloride 7647-14-5 6400.000
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous 7558-80-7 109.000
Component CAS Number mg/L
AMINO ACIDS
Glycine 56-40-6 30.000
L-Arginine hydrochloride 1119-34-2 84.000
L-Cystine dihydrochloride 30925-07-6 62.570
L-Glutamine 56-85-9 584.000
L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate 5934-29-2 42.000
L-Isoleucine 73-32-5 105.000
L-Leucine 61-90-5 105.000
L-Lysine hydrochloride 657-27-2 146.000
L-Methionine 63-68-3 30.000
L-Phenylalanine 63-91-2 66.000
L-Serine 56-45-1 42.000
L-Threonine 72-19-5 95.000
L-Tryptophan 73-22-3 16.000
L-Tyrosine disodium salt 69847-55-8 103.790
L-Valine 72-18-4 94.000
Component CAS Number mg/L
VITAMINS
Choline chloride 67-48-1 4.000
D-Ca-Pantothenate 137-08-6 4.000
Folic acid 59-30-3 4.000
Nicotinamide 98-92-0 4.000
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate 54-47-7 4.000
Riboflavin 83-88-5 0.400
Thiamine hydrochloride 67-03-8 4.000
i-Inositol 87-89-8 7.200
OTHERS
D-Glucose 50-99-7 4500.000
Phenol red sodium salt 34487-61-1 15.900
Sodium pyruvate 113-24-6 110.000
Custom Formulation Available: Need a different folic acid level, glucose concentration, HEPES buffer, adjusted pH, or modified salt profile? Diagnocine offers micro-batch custom formulation for MPS and chip-biology workflows. Contact support@diagnocine.com with your specifications.
Quality Assurance

ISO 13485:2016 manufacturing & multi-standard compliance

Every bottle of DCP-DMEMHGFA1X is produced under a documented ISO 13485:2016 Quality Management System with 21 CFR Part 820 (cGMP) alignment, ensuring the regulatory traceability demanded by IND-enabling studies, tissue-chip platform qualification, and academic reproducibility requirements.

verified

ISO 13485:2016 QMS

Full quality management system certification covering design control, batch records, raw material qualification, in-process testing, and final product release. Every lot is traceable from raw material to finished bottle.

water_drop

Ultrapure Type 1 Water

All formulation uses 18.2 MΩ·cm Ultrapure Type 1 water monitored for TOC, endotoxin (USP <85>), and conductivity — the highest water purity standard available for cell-culture applications.

biotech

ISO Class 5 Fill & Finish

Aseptic fill is performed under ISO Class 5 (Class 100) unidirectional laminar-flow conditions. Container integrity, fill volume, and visual inspection are documented in every batch manufacturing record.

assignment

Micro-Batch Precision

Small, defined production batches enable tighter lot-to-lot consistency for longitudinal chip experiments and multi-site reproducibility studies. Batch size is documented in the CoA for each product code.

Endotoxin — USP <85> BET

Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test performed on every lot. Release specification: < 0.05 EU/mL — approximately 10× below the typical 0.5 EU/mL threshold of conventional media.

Particulate — USP <788> Method 2

Light-obscuration particle counting performed on each lot. Compliance with both ≥10 µm and ≥25 µm thresholds confirms microchannel-safe purity for chip applications.

Osmolality — USP <785>

Freezing-point depression osmometry performed per USP <785>. Release range: 280–320 mOsm/kg H₂O, confirming isotonicity for mammalian cell culture across all applications.

Documentation & CoA

Full Certificate of Analysis including appearance, pH, osmolality, endotoxin, sterility, particulate count, and lot traceability is available at product release. Request via support@diagnocine.com.

Certificate of Analysis: CoA documents are generated for every production lot and are available upon request. Contact support@diagnocine.com with your lot number.
Product Comparison

How DCP-DMEMHGFA1X compares

The table below contrasts FluxMPS™ DCP-DMEMHGFA1X against two categories of conventional 0.22 µm-filtered DMEM High Glucose products available from standard suppliers — demonstrating the clear purity and compliance advantages of MPS-grade manufacturing.

Parameter DCP-DMEMHGFA1X
(FluxMPS™)
Conventional DMEM
w/ Folic Acid
(0.22 µm filtered)
Standard DMEM
High Glucose
(0.22 µm filtered)
Folic Acid Included check_circle 4 mg/L check_circle 4 mg/L cancel Absent
Final Filtration Pore Size 0.04 µm (40 nm) 0.22 µm 0.22 µm
Number of Filtration Stages 4 stages 1 stage 1 stage
Mycoplasma Barrier Filtration check_circle Dual 0.04 µm stages cancel Not addressed cancel Not addressed
Endotoxin Specification < 0.05 EU/mL Typically ≤ 1 EU/mL Typically ≤ 1 EU/mL
USP Particulate Compliance check_circle USP <788> M2 tested cancel Not tested cancel Not tested
Water Quality Ultrapure Type 1, 18.2 MΩ·cm Tissue culture grade Tissue culture grade
Manufacturing QMS ISO 13485:2016 certified ISO 9001 (typical) ISO 9001 (typical)
Microfluidic Channel Compatibility check_circle MPS-grade verified cancel Not validated cancel Not validated
Custom Formulation check_circle Available on request cancel Fixed formulation cancel Fixed formulation
FAQ

Frequently asked questions

Common questions about DCP-DMEMHGFA1X formulation, filtration, and use in advanced cell culture platforms.

Yes — this is precisely the application DCP-DMEMHGFA1X is designed for. Its quadruple-stage 0.04 µm final filtration removes particles that block microchannels as narrow as 10 µm, and its endotoxin specification (< 0.05 EU/mL) prevents sterile inflammation in cytokine-sensitive OoC and MPS models. The folic acid inclusion further supports folate-dependent epithelial and neural cell types frequently used in gut-on-a-chip, brain-on-a-chip, and multi-organ body-on-a-chip systems.[1,4]
Standard 0.22 µm filtration is a single-pass process with a pore size that cannot retain mycoplasma (100–300 nm) or subvisible particulates in the 100–220 nm range. DCP-DMEMHGFA1X passes through four independent membranes — two at 0.1 µm and two at 0.04 µm — in a cascade that progressively tightens the size exclusion threshold. The dual 0.04 µm stages provide validated redundancy against mycoplasma breakthrough and achieve approximately 5× lower particulate counts than a single 0.22 µm pass.[2,3]
Folic acid (4 mg/L) is a B-vitamin essential for one-carbon metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, DNA methylation, and cell division. Many rapidly proliferating cell lines — including iPSC-derived neurons, epithelial cell lines, and certain cancer lines — have an active folate requirement. DCP-DMEMHGFA1X includes folic acid at the standard DMEM concentration, making it directly interchangeable with published protocols that specify DMEM with full vitamin content. Users working with folate-independent or folate-restricted models should instead use the companion product DCP-DMEMWOFA1X (without folic acid) to control folate exposure precisely.[8,9]
Yes. DCP-DMEMHGFA1X contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) as its primary pH buffer and phenol red as a visual pH indicator. The NaHCO₃/CO₂ buffering system requires 5% CO₂ to maintain pH 7.0–7.4. Use in ambient CO₂ without a buffered enclosure will cause the medium to become alkaline. If a CO₂-independent formulation is required, contact support@diagnocine.com to inquire about HEPES-buffered custom variants.
Yes. Like all DMEM formulations, DCP-DMEMHGFA1X does not contain proteins, lipids, or growth factors and requires supplementation (typically 5–10% FBS or an appropriate serum-free supplement system) per the requirements of your specific cell line. Serum, growth factors, antibiotics, and other supplements can be added aseptically using standard sterile technique. Note that adding unfiltered or partially filtered supplements may compromise the ultra-low-particulate purity of the base medium; consider 0.04 µm-filtering any liquid additions for chip applications.
Every production lot of DCP-DMEMHGFA1X is tested by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) kinetic turbidimetric assay in accordance with USP <85> BET (Bacterial Endotoxin Test). The lot release specification is < 0.05 EU/mL. This is approximately 10–20× below the 0.5–1 EU/mL specification typical of standard cell-culture-grade DMEM. The verified endotoxin value for each lot is reported on the Certificate of Analysis.[3]
Yes. A lot-specific Certificate of Analysis is generated for every production batch of DCP-DMEMHGFA1X and is available upon request. The CoA includes: product name and catalog number, lot number and manufacture/expiry dates, appearance, pH (USP <791>), osmolality (USP <785>), endotoxin (USP <85> BET), sterility result (USP <71>), particulate count (USP <788> Method 2), filtration system verification, and authorized quality-release signature. Request by contacting support@diagnocine.com with your lot number.
Scientific References

Supporting literature

Peer-reviewed references supporting the science behind MPS-grade cell culture media, organ-on-a-chip applications, microfluidic perfusion, and the critical importance of media purity for chip-based biological models.

  1. Huh D, Matthews BD, Mammoto A, Montoya-Zavala M, Hsin HY, Ingber DE. Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip. Science. 2010;328(5986):1662–1668. doi:10.1126/science.1188302
  2. Bhattacharya M, Malinen MM, Lauren P, Lou YR, Kuisma SW, Kanninen L, et al. Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel promotes three-dimensional liver cell culture. J Control Release. 2012;164(3):291–298. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.039
  3. Berthier E, Young EW, Beebe D. Engineers are from PDMS-land, biologists are from Polystyrenia. Lab Chip. 2012;12(7):1224–1237. doi:10.1039/c2lc20982a
  4. Leung CM, de Haan P, Ronaldson-Bouchard K, Kim GA, Ko J, Rho HS, et al. A guide to the organ-on-a-chip. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2022;2:33. doi:10.1038/s43586-022-00118-6
  5. Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science. 1956;123(3191):309–314. doi:10.1126/science.123.3191.309
  6. Eagle H. Amino acid metabolism in mammalian cell cultures. Science. 1959;130(3373):432–437. doi:10.1126/science.130.3373.432
  7. Ribas J, Pawlikowska J, Rouwkema J. Microphysiological systems: analysis of the current status, challenges and commercial future. Microphysiological Syst. 2021;5:6. doi:10.21037/mps-20-7
  8. Ducker GS, Rabinowitz JD. One-carbon metabolism in health and disease. Cell Metab. 2017;25(1):27–42. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.009
  9. Stover PJ, Field MS. Vitamin B-9. Adv Nutr. 2011;2(6):536–537. doi:10.3945/an.111.000786
  10. van der Meer AD, van den Berg A. Organs-on-chips: breaking the in vitro impasse. Integr Biol. 2012;4(5):461–470. doi:10.1039/c2ib00176d

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